(b) Electronic signatures

Signatures, Ratifications, etc.

Paragraph 3 (a) of article 9 lays down general criteria for functional equivalence between handwritten signatures and electronic signatures.

In order to achieve functional equivalence between handwritten signatures and electronic signatures, there should not be any additional reliability requirement for electronic signatures as contained in paragraph 3 (b) of article 9.

This phrase provides that electronic signatures that only fulfil these minimum functions will satisfy the requirement of law for signatures.

Recognition of foreign certificates and electronic signatures

Signatures can then be estimated.

Questions of proof of the making of the signature (which exist for both handwritten and electronic signatures) should not distort the law on the validity of signatures.

The Guide to Enactment text discussing the latter article notes that its aim is to promote reliance on electronic signatures for producing legal effect where such electronic signatures are functionally equivalent to handwritten signatures.

In our view, electronic signatures are merely another form of signature, and should in principle be legally valid as signatures without any special requirements of reliability.

Mr. Boulet (Belgium) said that his delegation also wished to keep the text of the draft article unchanged since it set out a clear legal rule governing the validity of electronic signatures.

However, the real problem with electronic signatures was that, without certain safeguards, they could be manipulated more easily than handwritten signatures.

The Brew environment provides for multiple levels of application signatures.

(a) The authenticity of electronic signatures relating to tenders can be established comply with relevant electronic signature legislation, e.g. that based on Model Law on Electronic Signatures

(a) Signatures, ratifications and accessions under article 38

(o) UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures (2001).

F. UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures (2001)

She is an active member of the One Million Signatures Campaign.

Except for the provisions on certification and electronic signatures.

(f) The number of signatures to the International Declaration on Cleaner Production.

A petition to name the bridge for Kennedy received thousands of signatures.

In the other member states, a specified number of signatures is needed.

Unscrupulous parties could try to invalidate their electronic signatures on grounds of unreliability.

The surrogate signatures were hard to distinguish from the originals.

Common law does not impose any form requirement on signatures.

Certain signatures in some jurisdictions had to be particularly reliable.

Model Law on Electronic Signatures of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law

And so we're getting unique signatures, a fingerprint for each virus.

Its basic objection was that there was no requirement of reliability in the general law of signatures. If a reliability requirement were to be included in the law of electronic signatures, two sets of law would be created.

In the case of corporate customers, verify the directors, accounts signatures and nature of the business.

A citizens' initiative of this kind will require one million signatures, obtained in different countries.

The Charter had over 800 signatures by the end of 1977, including workers and youth.

The petition has only gathered for now 2,791 signatures (28 ) so far.

Malaysia looked forward to further signatures and ratifications in the near future.

The number of graffiti signatures an artist has depends on the reputation and fame of the artist.

Paragraph 118 of the Guide to Enactment of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures 2001 states

There being no proof of who had written the signatures, the element of doubt favoured the authors.

Status of signatures and ratification of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, as at 23 March 2005

56 80. Model Law on Electronic Signatures of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law

Indeed many countries were already applying article 6 of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures.

This will provide parties with the certainty of knowing that the electronic signatures appended by them or being relied upon by them do satisfy the requirement of law for signatures, and therefore would not be denied legal validity on that basis.

Each stage in a warhead production process has its particular effluents and signatures.

If paragraph 3 (b) of article 9 (and therefore the reliability requirement) is deleted, article 9 will provide that all electronic signatures that fulfil the functions described in paragraph 3 (a) of article 9 will satisfy the requirement of law for signatures.

The conjunctive requirement in paragraph 3 (a) of article 9 would prevent electronic signatures from satisfying the requirement of law for a signature in such situations where the function of indicating approval of the contents of the electronic communication cannot be fulfilled by such signatures.

His country had based its own Basic Electronic Transaction Act and Electronic Signatures Act of 1999 on the UNCITRAL Model Laws on Electronic Commerce and on the Electronic Signatures, thus demonstrating its commitment to the Commission's goals and guidelines.