This estimate does not include the coastal oil trench and coastal oil deposit as contamination in those areas was not caused by invasion related oil spills modelled by OSCAR.

The Panel notes that the mudflats are characterized by low levels of oil contamination, and the evidence provided is not sufficient to demonstrate that the contamination is causing environmental damage.

In order to determine the oil contamination remaining in the mudflats, Kuwait conducted a comprehensive shoreline survey.

Kuwait uses an integrated set of computer models to estimate oil contamination in marine areas from the oil spills and to calculate the associated losses of biomass.

The third claim unit is for damage to cultural heritage resources in Iran caused by contamination from the oil well fires.

The bulk of the preserve should consist of intertidal supratidal habitats similar to those most affected by invasion related oil contamination.

The Panel notes that the presence of mines and other ordnance initially prevented the removal of nearby oil contamination, and reconstruction operations in the oil fields further delayed remediation efforts.

In the view of the Panel, the estimated magnitude of oil contamination (4.7 square kilometres) is also consistent with current observations of invasion related shoreline contamination (0.8 square kilometres) identified in Kuwait's monitoring and assessment studies, taking into account likely reductions in the extent of contamination during the intervening years.

The Panel finds that there is evidence that there was extensive oil contamination and environmental damage of Saudi Arabia's shoreline in 1991.

As previously noted by the Panel, there is evidence that contamination from the oil well fires in Kuwait reached some parts of Iran.

According to Kuwait, the output from the models indicates oil contamination to 4.7 square kilometres of shoreline habitat, at varying degrees of severity.

The preserves should consist of intertidal supratidal habitats similar to those that are most affected by oil contamination from the invasion and occupation.

However, the Panel notes that there are differences in the severity of oil contamination, losses in ecological services and expected recovery times in different areas.

In order to assess the oil contamination on its shoreline resulting from invasion related oil spills, Kuwait applies the models that it uses in its assessment of lost aquatic biota as described in paragraph 434 above.

The second claim unit is for damage to or depletion of terrestrial and agricultural resources in Iran caused by contamination from the oil well fires in Kuwait.

No significant contamination was detected.

Iraq further contends that Kuwait has contributed to damage to the aquifers because it failed to take timely and appropriate steps to remove the adjacent oil lakes and oil recovery pits that are alleged to have caused the groundwater contamination.

Kuwait also states that the impact of oil contamination on the remaining areas of mudflats is uncertain and that the mudflats are a fragile but critically important biological area.

No more contamination of our sea..

Kuwait states that the OSCAR is a state of the art model which has been applied in many parts of the world and compares its model results to a limited set of observations of oil contamination following the invasion related oil spills.

Iraq further objects to Saudi Arabia's use of oil contamination levels as a means for quantifying the extent of damage, pointing out that exposure is not considered sufficient to demonstrate injury .

The risk is microbial and viral contamination.

The Panel also found that the damage from oil contamination to the shoreline between the Kuwait border and Abu Ali constituted environmental damage directly resulting from Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait.

Based on information from studies published in the scientific literature, Saudi Arabia estimates that 100,000 wading birds were killed either directly by oil contamination or indirectly because of the loss of forage.

Microbiological contamination of water sources is a common problem in many countries and chemical contamination (notably arsenic and fluoride) is increasingly a concern.

Iraq accepts that data presented by Kuwait indicate possible remaining oil contamination in certain locations in the upper intertidal zone of Northern Kuwait Bay that could be a result of the 1991 conflict.

Saudi Arabia states that the diseases were caused by the contamination of grass, weeds and water in the grazing area as a result of the deposition of lead and sulphur from the Kuwait oil well fires.

Full isolation of the body is important to prevent possible contamination of others.

The baking process is thought to reduce the bacterial contamination, precluding negative effects.

However, the evidence provided by Iran is not sufficient to demonstrate either that there were reductions in the catches of several fisheries species referred to in the claim or that any reductions were the direct result of the contamination from the oil spills.

While some ecological impacts persist, they will vary from site to site, depending on a variety of conditions, and the degree of recovery at each site will depend on the extent of oil contamination and the nature and location of the sites.

Beyond health effects, contamination could terrorize affected populations, prompting temporary flight and permanent relocation.

Fifth claim unit Monitoring of groundwater resources Iran seeks compensation in the amount of USD 1,056,000 for expenses of proposed measures to collect and analyse samples from springs, wells, qanats and rivers that have been damaged by contamination from the oil well fires in Kuwait.

Mejillones Mayor and fishermen lodge a complaint with the Investigative Police (PDI) about the contamination.

In Pakistan, the Government allocated about 31.5 million to address arsenic contamination and water quality.

Protecting water resources from contamination and excessive consumption will be a special area of focus.

Kuwait determines the areas requiring remediation by identifying areas of high levels of oil contamination (TPH at or above 100mg kg ) that correspond to low levels of RSA species richness (three or less in areas which, according to Kuwait, normally contain a richness of 10 to 14).

Light contamination and hot spots could impact Israeli, Palestinian, and Jordanian urban centers some distance away.

Fecally contaminated water and unsanitary handling by food handlers are the most common causes of contamination.

Thanks to technology developed by Belarusian specialists, the produce in those areas meets non contamination standards.

Women are those most affected by environmental degradation, such as chemical contamination and indoor air pollution.

The country is also vulnerable to natural disasters and had water contamination problems following recent volcanic activity.

Refined olive pomace oil oil obtained by refining crude olive pomace oil.

The evidence also shows that contamination levels are extremely variable, ranging from non detectable amounts to 810,000 ppm.

It is made from vegetable oil, often soybean oil or sesame oil, although olive oil or other oils may be used.