(d) The effects of the utilization of the aquifer or aquifer system in one aquifer State on other aquifer States concerned

(a) Utilization of transboundary aquifers and aquifer systems

(a) The natural condition of the aquifer or aquifer system

(e) The existing and potential utilization of the aquifer or aquifer system

(c) The population dependent on the aquifer or aquifer system in each aquifer State

They shall also ensure adequate quality and sufficient quantity of discharge water to protect and preserve outside ecosystems dependent on the aquifer or aquifer system.

Thus, only transboundary aquifers and aquifer systems are covered by the draft convention and domestic aquifers and aquifer systems are excluded from its scope.

(c) Measures of protection, preservation and management of those aquifers and aquifer systems.

Lowering of the water table

Under this topic, the Commission is now focusing for the time being on codification of the law on transboundary groundwaters (aquifers and aquifer systems).

Aquifer States shall agree on harmonized standards and methodology for monitoring a transboundary aquifer or aquifer system.

Aquifer States shall, in their respective territories, utilize a transboundary aquifer or aquifer system in a reasonable manner and, in particular

c. Assessing the impacts on groundwater and aquifers of industrial, agricultural, and other activities and

Protection and preservation of an aquifer are prerequisites for the equitable and reasonable utilization of such an aquifer.

The Law of (Confined) International Groundwaters

(f) Lowering of the water table. English

In the light of uncertainty about the nature and extent of some transboundary aquifers or aquifer systems, aquifer States are encouraged to take a precautionary approach.

For the purpose of being well acquainted with the conditions of a transboundary aquifer or aquifer system

18. Lowering of the water table has occurred in certain irrigated areas where the groundwater remains non saline.

(a) With respect to a recharging transboundary aquifer or aquifer system, shall take into account the sustainability of such aquifer or aquifer system and shall not impair the utilization and functions of such aquifer or aquifer system

As groundwater should be recognized as a natural resource with economic and ecological value, groundwater strategies should aim at the sustainable use of groundwater and preservation of its quality.

Aquifer States shall undertake to establish plans and implement these plans for the proper management of a transboundary aquifer or aquifer system in accordance with the provisions of the present Convention.

In allocating groundwater resources, account should be taken of the amount of groundwater in reserve and of the rate of its replenishment.

71. The third issue was the question of confined groundwaters, i.e. groundwaters unrelated to surface water.

Without ground water, our societies would be parched.

Aquifer States shall, individually and, where appropriate, jointly, prevent, reduce and control the pollution of a transboundary aquifer or aquifer system that may cause significant harm to other aquifer States or to their environment.

(d) Aquifer State means a State Party to the present Convention in whose territory any part of a transboundary aquifer or aquifer system is situated

States have sovereign rights over the natural resources located within their jurisdiction and aquifer States are entitled to utilize aquifers and aquifer systems within their territories.

(xii) Charter on Groundwater Management, 1989, adopted by the Economic Commission for Europe at its forty fourth session, Groundwater strategies

The Commission considered the second report of the Special Rapporteur at its 2797th, 2798th and 2799th meetings, held on 12, 13 and 14 May 2004, respectively.

Draft article 12 obliges aquifer States to protect and preserve ecosystems inside aquifers as well as ecosystems outside aquifers, dependent on the aquifers.

Groundwater experts maintain that, in defining two categories of aquifers, recharge must be limited to natural recharge.

(f) The development, protection and conservation of the aquifer or aquifer system and the costs of measures to be taken to that effect

(f) Minimizing the effects of major activities affecting transboundary aquifers or aquifer systems

The European Programme for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) proposed to analyse ice cores drilled in two complementary regions of East and West Antarctica.

Monitoring groundwater levels, pressures, and quality

Salinization and depletion of groundwater resources Jordan seeks compensation in the amount of USD 1,465,565,462 for the salinization and depletion of its groundwater resources.

Kuwait was awarded compensation to remediate the aquifers.

The aquifers need thousands of years to fill up, but can be pumped dry in a few decades,

Protection measures aimed at prevention of groundwater pollution and overuse should be the basic tools for groundwater management.

They shall identify key parameters that they will monitor based on an agreed conceptual model of the aquifer or aquifer system.

Any State in whose territory such an aquifer or aquifer system is located is entitled to participate in the negotiation and to become a party to arrangements when such arrangements are likely to prejudice their positions vis à vis that aquifer or aquifer system.

(viii) Section IV of the Charter on Groundwater Management, 1989, adopted by the Economic Commission for Europe at its forty fourth session, Groundwater allocation

It caused some confusion and accordingly aquifer system is now defined as a series of more than two aquifers.

b. Developing aquifer vulnerability maps