It had never countenanced nuclear deterrence as a permanent measure, since deterrence was responsible for the development of ever newer nuclear weapons and actually prevented genuine nuclear disarmament.

Withdrawal of these weapons would not mean the end of nuclear deterrence for Europe, as deterrence will remain necessary until the last nuclear weapon is dismantled.

The Holy See had expressed its limited acceptance of nuclear deterrence during the cold war on the clear understanding that deterrence merely represented a step towards progressive nuclear disarmament.

Israel s nuclear deterrence is its ultimate defense against an existential threat.

Nuclear weapon States continued to rely on nuclear weapons in part because they had developed no alternative to nuclear deterrence.

To this end, the two great nuclear powers need a coordinated deterrence policy towards new nuclear states.

The time had come to re examine the whole strategy of nuclear deterrence.

We can conclude that nuclear deterrence mattered in the crisis, and that the nuclear dimension certainly figured in Kennedy s thinking.

No one knows her opinion on the Middle East, terrorism, nuclear deterrence, and international security.

The moral of the story is that a little nuclear deterrence goes a long way.

An alternative system of collective security must be sought from which nuclear deterrence was absent.

Nuclear weapon States should abandon the policy of nuclear deterrence based on first use of nuclear weapons and should reduce the role of nuclear weapons in their national security.

In that event, there remains the hope that mutual nuclear deterrence will promote mutual common sense.

Unfortunately, the doctrine of nuclear deterrence is contagious, making non proliferation more difficult and raising new risks that nuclear weapons will be used.

Nuclear deterrence ensures global peace. Economic growth has never been so fast over such a long period.

The NPR affirms the policy of extended nuclear deterrence, under which the US retains the option to employ nuclear weapons to defend its allies.

Israel could then mimic other nuclear armed states by flexing its capacity through announcement and transparent nuclear deployment on land and sea, thereby promoting deterrence.

Proliferators must know that the NATO allies are unwavering in their commitment to collective defense, including nuclear deterrence.

It is a mistake, however, to believe that extended deterrence depends on parity in numbers of nuclear weapons.

But the sole purpose of retaining some degree of deterrence will be to deter the use of nuclear weapons.

The doctrine of a nuclear pre emptive strike is openly preached to render nuclear deterrence obsolete, and the development of new types of nuclear weapons and their qualitative improvement are rapidly being pursued.

As events in Pakistan illustrate, the spread of nuclear technology does not extend the stability that comes with mutual deterrence.

Europe perhaps benefited more than any other part of the world from nuclear deterrence, because it helped to preserve peace during the Cold War and prevented nuclear proliferation.

It was none other than the United States that pursued us and pushed us systematically to acquire today's physical nuclear deterrence.

While nuclear deterrence is meant to prevent nuclear attacks between nuclear weapons States, the only country with the capability to implement such an attack in or from or within outer space would be the US.

Non nuclear weapon States were either dependent on their alliances with nuclear weapon States again under a security umbrella dependent on nuclear deterrence or felt insecure and unprotected because of the absence of such an alliance.

It is not naïve to believe that nuclear deterrence is both fragile operationally, and of thoroughly dubious utility in sustaining the peace.

Nuclear deterrence a threat to kill hundreds of thousands or millions of people is a concept that does not fit into traditional morals.

The Japanese fear that the credibility of American extended deterrence will be weakened if the US decreases its nuclear forces to parity with China.

Given this, a Chinese nuclear surge even one that did not lead to US China parity could undermine the credibility of American deterrence commitments, possibly motivating Japan to launch its own nuclear program.

Some countries undertook to propagate the notion that their nuclear weapons were intended for peaceful purposes, while other countries' capacity for self defence and nuclear deterrence allegedly posed a threat to world peace.

Another option would be to bring the country s nuclear arsenal out of the basement altogether. Israel could then mimic other nuclear armed states by flexing its capacity through announcement and transparent nuclear deployment on land and sea, thereby promoting deterrence.

More than any other government official, he was responsible for institutionalizing the key strategic doctrine of the nuclear age, deterrence, otherwise known as mutual assured destruction.

But more must be done many States still lived under a nuclear umbrella, whether their own or that of an ally, and ways must be found to lessen and ultimately overcome their reliance on nuclear deterrence.

Olmert seemed to be reminding the Iranians of the hard realities of nuclear deterrence Iran may join the nuclear club someday, but it will return to the Stone Age if it uses those weapons against a country that has a far more advanced nuclear arsenal.

Gaza and the Failure of Deterrence

In order to accelerate the complete elimination of all nuclear weapons, the international community must channel its creativity and resources towards the development of an alternative system for collective security in which nuclear deterrence did not figure.

The first is to rely on deterrence and live with an Iran that has a small nuclear arsenal or the ability to assemble one with little advance notice.

But, for a country that has had little faith in deterrence when it comes to existential nuclear threats, relying on it now would mark a new, uncomfortable bet.

So long as the world remains a dangerous place with several nuclear weapons states, Obama must reassure its allies about the credibility of American guarantees of extended deterrence.

When one pole of nuclear deterrence weakened, due to Russia s political decline in the 1990 s, NATO, a defensive union of democratic and peaceful states, committed aggression against Yugoslavia.

Absent a dramatic improvement in the Middle East s grim political landscape, the failure of deterrence would bring the sum of all the fears of our nuclear age upon us.

Its nuclear program is strictly in civilian hands. And its nuclear doctrine rests on deterrence, backed by a credible retaliatory threat, rather than a destabilizing first strike capacity, which India has not developed even against a superior potential adversary like China.

Would an Iranian bomb really be so bad? Some argue that it could become the basis of stable nuclear deterrence in the region, analogous to the nuclear standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

All these elements, together with the new military doctrines which grant pride of place to nuclear weapons, combined with the concept of preventive war and the first use of nuclear weapons, go beyond the traditional concept of deterrence, which was the justification formerly invoked by the nuclear Powers.