Their exports today face a variety of barriers in their major markets, including non tariff trade barriers and other non tariff measures.

CATEGORIES USED IN THE WTO's MOST RECENT INVENTORY OF NON TARIFF MEASURES

Negotiating Group on Market Access, Overview of Proposals Submitted, Non Tariff Measures , WTO doc.

Non Tariff Barriers

It will also take up non tariff barriers.

However, for them to take full advantage of such initiatives, enhanced market access for LDC exports should entail not only tariff reductions but also more flexibility regarding both non tariff measures and rules of origin.

Others stressed that the Doha Round should facilitate market access through appropriate tariff measures, scaling back of non tariff barriers, and agreement on rules of origin that are more cognizant of the conditions of these countries.

Improving market access involved not only tariff reduction but also relaxation of non tariff barriers and rules of origin.

However, more work is needed to find or create the appropriate tariff headings and to address non tariff barriers.

Methodologies, Classifications, Quantification and Development Impacts of Non Tariff Barriers

The Doha Ministerial Declaration (DMD) called for the reduction or, as appropriate, elimination of tariff and non tariff barriers to EGS.

Categories used in the WTO's most recent inventory of non tariff

We call for better access to markets, in particular preferential markets with lowered tariff and non tariff barriers to trade with industrialized countries.

They may increase the import cost in a fashion similar to tariff measures.

NTBs are broadly classified into six chapters, from 3 to 8 (chapters 1 and 2 are reserved for tariff and para tariff measures respectively), according to the intent or immediate impact of the measures

Nevertheless, scope remains for the liberalization and rationalization of tariffs in non agricultural goods, particularly for the removal of tariff bias, tariff escalation and tariff peaks affecting developing country exports in their major markets.

Item 3. Methodologies, classifications, quantification and development impacts of non tariff barriers (NTBs)

The agricultural sector is protected through high tariffs, tariff picks, tariff escalation and non tariff barriers in many developed countries, and market access is often denied to products from developing countries, including landlocked developing countries.

In this regard it is urgent to eliminate high tariffs, tariff picks, tariff escalation, non tariff barriers, export subsidies and to substantially reduce trade distorting domestic support for protecting the agricultural sector of developed countries.

Tariffs have fallen, although non tariff barriers and preferential agreements have been on the rise.

These opportunities also include some specific export subsidies, non actionable subsidies and certain tariff increases.

Finally, subparagraph 31(iii) of the Doha Ministerial Declaration deals with the reduction or, as appropriate, elimination of tariff and non tariff barriers to environmental goods and services.

Demonstrated conformity to those standards and norms can offer enhanced market access, while non compliance can pose an effective non tariff barrier.

With the reduction in tariffs, non tariff barriers are increasingly becoming front stage market access concerns.

To this end, the scope of the World Trade Organization should be extended through the negotiation of future global arrangements that reduce subsidies and both tariff and non tariff barriers.

Countries of every sort will face requests to do their part to overcome hurdles to a new global trade accord. Tariff and non tariff barriers will need to come down.

(b) The elimination of trade distorting policies, protectionist practices and non tariff barriers in international trade relations

When progress is not being made, non tariff barriers grow like weeds in response to domestic interests.

Tariff and non tariff barriers to imports and exports imposed on a (developing) country may also encourage its TNCs to invest in other countries as a means of obtaining or delivering goods.

With formal tariffs already so low, negotiators will focus largely on non tariff barriers such as regulatory barriers.

V. and R. M. Stern 1997, Measurement of Non Tariff Barriers , OECD Economics Department Working Paper No.179.

Protectionist trade measures, perhaps in the form of a stiff US tariff on Chinese imports, would be profoundly self destructive, even absent the inevitable retaliatory measures.

An increasing number of developing countries have requested assistance, particularly in developing lists of EGs and identifying tariff and non tariff barriers affecting trade in these goods, as well as considering possible negotiating modalities.

Kee H.L., A. Nicita and M. Olarreaga, Ad Valorem Equivalents of Non Tariff Barriers , unpublished manuscript, World Bank, 2004.

In spite of the trend towards liberalization, however, the motivation to circumvent tariff and non tariff barriers to imports and exports is still present, especially in those host economies that remain relatively closed and regulated.

The current trend is quite evident companies world wide are facing a growing number of non tariff barriers to exports.

Instead, the Smoot Hawley Tariff Act closed off American markets and provoked other countries into a spiral of retaliatory trade measures.

Action on non mandatory measures

Non standard measures helped to clear standard measures transmission path.

A number of other areas of WTO work are relevant to the distribution sector, namely trade facilitation, SPS measures, TBT, non tariff barriers, subsidies and tariffs, all of which give rise to complex questions and the need for further analysis.

Meaningful improvements in market access will require the elimination of non tariff barriers to exports of interest to landlocked developing countries.

Inconclusive discussions have also been held on non tariff barriers, which are also being discussed in the negotiations on WTO rules.

Despite various preferential trade arrangements with its main trading partners, Africa's external trade continues to be hindered by a host of non tariff barriers and excessive market entry requirements that nullify the market access granted under preferential tariff regimes.

For example, the Trade Map analysed present export markets and provided market specific information on, for instance, tariffs and non tariff barriers.

At its ninth session, held in Geneva on 14 18 March 2005, the Commission on Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities concluded that UNCTAD should examine the effects of non tariff barriers and decided, in accordance with the São Paulo Consensus, to convene an expert meeting on non tariff barriers (NTBs).