Fourth claim unit Marine resources Iran seeks compensation in the amount of USD 2,293,923,269 for damage to or depletion of its marine resources resulting from the oil spills in the Persian Gulf and pollutants from the oil well fires in Kuwait.

Iran states that the oil spills resulting from Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait affected the marine habitats and marine organisms at the initial stages of their life cycle.

Kuwait uses an integrated set of computer models to estimate oil contamination in marine areas from the oil spills and to calculate the associated losses of biomass.

While being toxic to marine life, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the components in crude oil, are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the sediment and marine environment.

As with all marine gas and oil deposits, the rights to the waters and the riches below are critical.

The Mediterranean Sea constitutes 0.7 of the global water surface and yet receives seventeen percent of global marine oil pollution.

Third claim unit Marine subtidal habitats Saudi Arabia states that, as a result of the oil spills resulting from Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait, damage was caused to its marine subtidal habitats.

The fourth claim unit is for damage to or depletion of marine resources in Iran caused by The oil spills in the Persian Gulf and Pollutants from the oil well fires.

Marine environment, marine resources, marine biodiversity and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems

Marine environment, marine resources and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems

Marine environment and marine resources

Marine environment, marine resources and sustainable development

XI. Marine environment, marine resources and sustainable development

Subsea is a term to refer to equipment, technology, and methods employed in marine biology, undersea geology, offshore oil and gas developments, underwater mining, and offshore wind power industries.

Saudi Arabia states that 97,450 birds and 93 marine mammals were killed, and turtle hatch rates suffered a 46 per cent reduction as a result of the oil spills.

As with all marine gas and oil deposits, the rights to the waters and the riches below are critical. And, given such riches, competition might appear lucrative at first sight.

Its stated object is to preserve the marine environment through the complete elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge of such substances.

As the Panel stated in the first F4 report, there is evidence that the oil spills resulting from Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait contaminated some of Iran's marine environment.

Marine biodiversity

Marine science

Marine debris

Marine debris

Iraq accepts that the creation of marine and coastal preserves is a useful method to compensate for ecological functions and values that were lost as a consequence of the oil spill.

(b) Effects of marine debris (the effects of marine debris on human health, safety, tourism and other economic activities, navigation, marine species, the marine environment and fisheries) (see A 60 63, paras. 241 247)

(b) Marine debris

Global Marine Assessment

In the first and fourth F4 reports, the Panel found that Kuwait's marine and coastal areas had been damaged by oil released as a result of Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait.

Enhanced marine scientific research is critical for sustainable exploration and exploitation of marine resources.

According to Iraq, Kuwait's estimate of the magnitude of the loss is based on theoretical models and is not supported by any evidence of widespread marine organism deaths attributable to the oil spills.

Marine science and technology

Rapporteur Marine Davtyan (Armenia)

Sources of marine litter

Effects of marine litter

Prevention of marine pollution

According to Kuwait, approximately eleven million barrels of oil were released into Kuwaiti territorial waters, and habitat and shoreline surveys performed in the months following the invasion and occupation revealed shorelines covered in a thick coating of oil with the potential for widespread injury to marine life, shoreline habitat, and fisheries.

Of course, I differentiate who s who, but there are uneducated people who think that these mercenaries are basically the same as any soldier or marine who came to kill, take oil, and then leave.

The Panel has previously found that damage caused to Iran's marine environment by those oil spills would constitute environmental damage that is compensable in accordance with paragraph 16 of Security Council resolution 687 (1991).

In the field of environmental protection, the Committee noted that a fibre optic sensor system was being used to evaluate fatigue on marine pipelines and risers, and on offshore drilling and oil production rigs.

We must strike a balance between marine resources exploitation and the conservation of the marine environment.

Fourth claim unit Wildlife resources Saudi Arabia seeks compensation in the amount of USD 127,165,335 for loss of marine and coastal wildlife caused by the oil spills resulting from Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait.

Marine debris, also referred to as marine litter, is any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of or abandoned in the marine and coastal environment. Chapter X.B.

As long as the input of non degradable litter into the marine environment continues, the result will be increased quantities of marine litter in the coastal and marine environments.

According to the United States Marine Mammal Commission, 136 marine species have been reported in entanglement incidents in the wider United States area, including 6 species of sea turtles, 51 species of seabirds and 32 species of marine mammals (Marine Mammal Commission, 1996).

VIII. Marine science and technology

(a) Protecting vulnerable marine ecosystems