Europe also became nervous after the euro exchange rate rose to more than 1.40, far beyond the purchasing power parity (PPP) rate of 1.17.

Instead, our limit the swings strategy implies that, as the exchange rate moves further away from parity, central banks should intervene.

But China s abandonment of the yuan s traditional parity in July 2005 rules out a new, credibly fixed exchange rate strategy for some time.

Guatemala is therefore close to achieving gender parity in access to primary education (parity rate of 0.95 in 2004).

The rate of progress towards parity had been too slow.

In specialized education, the parity rate was inverted in favour of girls.

In attempting to cope with imperfect knowledge, they are not irrational when they pay attention to other macroeconomic fundamentals and thereby bid an exchange rate away from its parity level.

Exchange Rate Disorder

Currency exchange rate

Currency exchange rate

Exchange rate fluctuation

(f) Exchange rate

China s Exchange Rate Puzzle

Consider the exchange rate.

At this rate, gender parity in national legislatures will not be achieved until 2068.

Accounting for exchange rate fluctuations

Relating the riskiness of holding an open position in a currency market to the exchange rate s divergence from parity levels suggests a novel way to think about how central banks can influence the market to limit departures from parity. Although the exchange rate ultimately reverts back to its PPP benchmark, in a world of imperfect knowledge market participants might ignore this possibility in the near term.

The first is exchange rate relationships.

Reserve for exchange rate fluctuations 1,840.8

(n) Reserve for exchange rate fluctuations

The economist Menzie Chinn, using purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates, reckoned the renminbi s undervaluation to be 40 .

The existing exchange rate arrangements in most ESCWA member countries incorporate negative aspects of the two extremes of exchange rate regimes.

Second, the exchange rate is vitally important.

The prevailing exchange rate system is lopsided.

Exchange rate euro to United States dollar

Their inflation was lower, and they oriented their policies toward maintaining a competitive exchange rate through the adoption of a so called crawling band, whereby the currency is allowed to fluctuate within a band around a central parity.

There was no automated exchange rate control over transactions coming from field offices, which entails a risk of posting the wrong exchange rate.

There was no automated exchange rate control over transactions coming from field offices, which entails a risk of posting the wrong exchange rate.

From now on, China s government declared, the renminbi s central parity rate will align more closely with the previous day s closing spot rates. This suggests that the devaluation was aimed primarily at giving the markets a greater role in determining the renminbi exchange rate, with the goal of enabling deeper currency reform.

Europe's fixed exchange rate mechanism collapsed in 1992.

The second difference concerns the exchange rate regime.

a Based on December 2005 rate of exchange.

Exchange rate of assessed contributions paid in US

Both structural factors and the exchange rate are discussed.

The 1992 exchange rate crisis then tipped the balance.

They can t lower the exchange rate to aid exports.

Moreover, the US protests other countries exchange rate policies.

As it stands, Chinese exchange rates are allowed to fluctuate by a maximum of 2 on either side of the central parity, which the PBOC fixes daily. When the moving market rate reaches the edges of the fluctuation band, the PBOC can intervene in the market by buying or selling its foreign exchange reserves.

That way, limited interest rate spreads could do the work of its missing exchange rate mechanism.

a The exchange rate used (0.753) is the average rate for the period January March 2005.

d The exchange rate used (0.753) is the average rate for the period January March 2005.

c The exchange rate used (0.753) is the average rate for the period January March 2005.

a The exchange rate used (0.753) is the average rate for the period January March 2005.

The claim that exchange rate appreciation will reduce a country s trade surplus is false, because, in globally integrated economies, domestic investment falls when the exchange rate appreciates.

The dollar is part of an exchange rate Rubik s cube.