But currency values are driven by macroeconomic developments, and therefore FX does offer natural hedging opportunities in liquid and transparent markets.

so we're hedging our bets here.

Investors, of course, are hedging their bets.

Capitalist institutions include risk management schemes that provide insurance, hedging, and diversification.

They thus provide an important instrument for hedging price risks in commodity markets.

Nevertheless, the West appears to be hedging its bets by sustaining contacts with the opposition.

But, while such hedging is natural in world politics, modesty is important for both sides.

These investors can, in turn, be encouraged when financial hedging devices and financial diversification protect them.

But it would be a mistake to focus only on the hedging part of American strategy.

Whereas guarding against uncertainty had traditionally been a moral issue, hedging against risk is a purely technical question.

In part, this reflects political hedging by the MILF in the face of Manila s incapacity to make meaningful concessions.

Back in the early 1980 s, financial engineers invented portfolio insurance, a fancy active hedging strategy for controlling downside risk.

Unfortunately, when global stock markets crashed in October 1987, the insurance turned out to be useless, mainly because markets for hedging collapsed.

At the same time, oil hedging not only raises oil prices but results in huge reserves of cash in oil producing countries.

There has been a longstanding discussion about whether new derivative markets, which provide such financial hedging, tend to increase preexisting financial markets volatility.

Two waves of strikes in 1988 forced General Jaruzelski s government to negotiate with Solidarity, which, after a few months of hedging, was legalized.

Currency Chaos

For example, we need stronger consumer protection for retail financial products, stricter disclosure requirements for new securities, and better designed vehicles for hedging risks.

Ever since Copenhagen, a majority of the main greenhouse gas emitting countries have been setting out ambitious goals without hedging them with restrictive conditions.

But, for economists who actively engage the public, it is hard to influence hearts and minds by qualifying one s analysis and hedging one s prescriptions.

The dollar (currency code TTD) is the currency of Trinidad and Tobago.

China s Currency Conundrum

Oil Currency Hypocrisy

Controlling China s Currency

currency units, a.k.a.

Currency exchange rate

Currency exchange rate

(c) Currency adjustment

Currency of reimbursement

The Cayman Islands Dollar (currency code KYD ) is the currency of the Cayman Islands.

Other players on the grand chessboard of Asian geopolitics also are seeking to formulate new equations, as they concurrently pursue strategies of hedging, balancing, and bandwagoning.

The implication is that the dollar, the euro, and the renminbi will share the roles of invoicing currency, settlement currency, and reserve currency in coming years.

The Currency Manipulation Charade

An Accidental Currency War?

China s New Currency Policy

Currency War and Peace

(d) Currency exchange adjustments

(f) Currency exchange adjustment

The same applies to extensive government borrowing from abroad, to currency boards, even to currency unions.

The fund could also be used to transfer risk abroad, by taking advantage of the world hedging market which, for a fee, provides insurance against unexpected revenue fluctuations.

Since the amount of foreign reserves available to defend a weak currency (a currency in low demand) is limited, a currency crisis or devaluation could be the end result.

The currency peg has also helped make the euro into an important reserve currency, rivaling the dollar.

Maintaining a two tier currency system and an undervalued currency has been the key to China s success.

While the Panel finds that these losses are compensable in principle, the Panel notes that currency losses generally, and particularly currency losses relating to Iraqi dinars, are particularly difficult to verify. Ownership of currency is generally proven through possession of the currency.

How to Fight Currency Manipulation