The structure of field offices was determined by many factors, including the different approaches to centralization versus decentralization and availability of resources.

The Risk of European Centralization

Ghana has a long history of decentralization and re centralization.

But a move in this direction does involve some degree of fiscal centralization.

The country's administrative system is based on centralization, devolution and decentralization.

Debates about government centralization run deep in the history and constitutions of most countries.

Network centralization is measured using centrality values that are calculated for each individual.

But the same de centralization of authority that had empowered Islamist movements also empowered Moroccan women.

In a national context, centralization occurs in the transfer of power to a typically sovereign nation state.

But that requires substantially greater centralization of political accountability and control than Europeans seem able to achieve today.

But centralization of economic decision making, as an end in itself, cannot underpin a prosperous and powerful Europe.

From the rise and fall of the Roman Empire, there have been periods of centralization and decentralization in societies worldwide.

As mentioned in the report, unhealthy centralization may lead to the channelling of purchasing through a relatively small number of suppliers.

This model is the current basis of the business world, just as centralization has also been the favored defense strategy.

However, this does not mean that centralization is the best much less the only way to guarantee peace.

Greater fiscal centralization and political unification seem inevitable, but it may take time to muddle through to that outcome.

But a step in the right direction could be taken by partial fiscal centralization with a limited countercyclical mandate.

Before 1981, visionaries who thought about the impact of technology on society believed that the computer would allow a centralization of knowledge and power.

Environmental policy is clearly one. But centralization of economic decision making, as an end in itself, cannot underpin a prosperous and powerful Europe.

NEW YORK The Greek debt crisis has prompted questions about whether the euro can survive without a nearly unimaginable centralization of fiscal policy.

Some researchers go further into SNA and analyze a network's centralization, which helps assess the distribution of leadership, as well as the quantity.

Excessive centralization and harmonization are decimating the subsidiarity and competition needed to drive Europe s economies, as the socialization of debt undermines weaker economies accountability.

But, once again, EU leaders responded by concluding the opposite the Lisbon Agenda s failure was interpreted as justifying still more harmonization and centralization of national policies.

In this context, it tries to set down all possible connections between instrumental offences and terrorist acts stricto sensu, namely through the centralization of criminal information.

Even today, tensions over further centralization (e.g., to supranational authority, as in Europe) and devolution (e.g., for Scotland, Québec, or Kurdistan) are intense.

Perhaps part of the answer is to prevent sub units in the EU s case, member countries from falling short on reforms. But centralization carries its own costs.

But a move in this direction does involve some degree of fiscal centralization. And it probably would require that the EU be able to issue sovereign debt.

Decentralization processes and the achievement of an appropriate balance between centralization and decentralization of forest related decision making and management are key to making progress toward sustainable forest management.

China has been struggling to balance centralization and fragmentation that is, control and uncertainty throughout its long history of rising and falling dynasties, domestic decay, and foreign invasion.

Some form of debt friendly stimulus might ultimately appeal to voters if they could be convinced that raising taxes does not necessarily mean hardship or increased centralization of decision making.

In Kievan Rus', as the degree of centralization grew, the ruler acquired the title Velikii Kniaz (Великий Князь) (translated as Grand Prince or Grand duke, see Russian Grand Dukes).

The fundamental weakness of Russia s emerging political system, with its excessive centralization, its reliance on individual personnel rather than institutions, and the declining quality of its management, is starting to show.

The alternative approach was that of Canada, which, because of its roots in secure British rule, had much less fear of political centralization, and was prepared to tolerate a nation wide banking system.

The nationalist government that followed, which established the Republic of China, also failed to address the tension between centralization and fragmentation what the macro historian Ray Huang called China s mathematical unmanageability.

That centralization of taxes and spending creates an automatic stabilizer for any region that experiences an economic downturn the affected region s residents send less money to Washington and receive more in transfers.

Development of the Lielvārde military base will ensure centralization of Air Force units and establishment of an efficient command and control system, which will result in a reduction of the maintenance costs of the Air Force units.

Point five, which was preceded by confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels, was centralization of credit in the hands of the State, by means of a national bank with State property and an exclusive monopoly.

The increased centralization and concentration of power in the emerging nation states during the late 17th century allowed for a great expansion of armies and navies, and new government shipyards began building much much larger ships.

Despite the political and administrative centralization of most of the countries represented at the Forum, there was widespread agreement that the most efficient water systems are managed as close as possible to the resource and its users.

The Caribbean Community had established an implementation agency for crime and security, which operated as a nerve centre for research, evaluation and monitoring, project development and implementation, and information centralization and dissemination.

Jean Monnet, one of the EU s founding fathers, once said that, given the chance to start the European integration process again, he would have begun with culture a dimension in which we neither need nor want centralization.

Regular resources the resources of UNDP that are commingled and untied.

Deployment of resources

UNDP resources the resources credited to the UNDP regular resources account or other resources account and, therefore, exclude resources credited to the UNDP funds account.

(e) Detailed information regarding the global identity management system, including the principles and guidelines for sharing the information obtained through the system, the level of centralization needed for managing this information and who would have access to the information