Generated run off is less erosive and less polluting as crop residues reduce sediment transport into river waters.

Leaving crop residues on the soil changes the surface characteristics. It increases rainfall efficiency, as water gets caught by and then percolates through the residues and soil.

Explosives (residues)

Explosive Remnants of War

Explosive remnants of war Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War

Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War

(b) Explosive remnants of war

Explosive Remnants of War (ERW)

The crop prices used by Iran in calculating the value of lost crops are not appropriate for estimating the value of crops that were not, in fact, produced.

If we feed our food waste which is the current government favorite way of getting rid of food waste, to anaerobic digestion, which turns food waste into gas to produce electricity, you save a paltry 448 kilograms of carbon dioxide per ton of food waste. It's much better to feed it to pigs.

Tristram Stuart The global food waste scandal

Iran estimates the alleged reduction in crop quality by comparing crop prices in the Southern Provinces in 1991 with national crop prices.

Harvest contaminated tobacco.

Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War

RESPONSES TO DOCUMENT CCW GGE X WG.1 WP.2,

Reducing the ERW problem

International Humanitarian Law and ERW

Prepared by Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America in consultation with the International Committee of the Red Cross

In terms of crop management, the options include the development and introduction of tolerant resistant crops, pest and soil studies, better cropping or farming systems, improved irrigation techniques and crop rotation, as well as changes in the timing of planting of crops.

One study estimates that 26 of black carbon emissions are from stoves for heating and cooking, with more than 40 of this amount from wood burning, roughly 20 from coal, 19 from crop residues, and 10 from dung.

Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War

Humanitarian threat posed by ERW

ERW clearance in theatre

The Mandate of the Working Group on ERW

For example, garbage discharge, something you would think just simply goes away, but the laws regulating ship discharge of garbage actually get weaker the further you are from shore.

Crop eradication and alternative development

The latter includes the discharge of sewage and the generation of solid waste.

ERW bad luck or bad intent

Now one third of all arable land is used to grow crops to feed livestock, not to grow staple crops for people.

The armed rebellion has ended but it has had after effects, including armed banditry, bringing about lasting vulnerability.

The state is not a relic of bygone times, displaced by global accountability.

By the Chairperson of the Meeting of the Military and Technical Experts on ERW

Crop Environment Resources Synthesis model.

In general, farmers benefit from having an increase in crop yield and from being able to grow a variety of crops throughout the year.

Times have changed, and Saddam Hussein and his oppressive regime are things of the past.

Crops and food supplies have dwindled, leaving nothing but desperation behind.

GM crops also have significant economic benefits.

They started by boiling crops. When the crops finished, they would boil grass and plants...then insects.

Studies on five crops were being considered.

The first claim unit is for a reduction in crop yields the second claim unit is for a reduction in the quality of crops and the third claim unit is for a proposed long term monitoring and assessment project.

Second claim unit Reduced crop quality Iran seeks compensation in the amount of USD 174,648,879 for losses due to reduced quality of several varieties of agricultural crops in the Southern Provinces in 1991.

Iraq notes that Saudi Arabia did not provide baseline data on crops or evidence indicating the types of crops that were affected or their location.

The countries most affected by illicit crop cultivation need further capacity building, programme coordination, the establishment of monitoring and impact evaluation systems and long term socio economic development in order to sustain illicit crop eradication and alternative development efforts and to prevent the re emergence of illicit crops.

Article 3, paragraph 3 For the purposes of Article 3, paragraph 3, eligible activities are those direct human induced afforestation, reforestation and or deforestation activities that meet the requirements set forth in this annex and that started on or after 1 January 1990 and before 31 December of the last year of the commitment period.

Both processes leave toxic residues and somewhat less oily dirt.