Tariffs have fallen, although non tariff barriers and preferential agreements have been on the rise.

With formal tariffs already so low, negotiators will focus largely on non tariff barriers such as regulatory barriers.

With the reduction in tariffs, non tariff barriers are increasingly becoming front stage market access concerns.

Improving market access involved not only tariff reduction but also relaxation of non tariff barriers and rules of origin.

NAMA It was recognized that all countries have a positive interest in seeking the reduction of tariff peaks and tariff escalation, as well as non tariff barriers.

A successful Doha Round will reduce and eliminate tariffs and other barriers on farm and industrial goods.

A successful Doha round will reduce and eliminate tariffs and other barriers on farm and industrial goods.

This exercise would make it possible to simulate the impact of various NTB evolution scenarios, as has been done for tariffs, and thus improve the tools available to policymakers.

It will also take up non tariff barriers.

Overall, NTBs have almost replaced tariff barriers in manufacturing sectors.

Scope, definition and classification of NTBs

NTBs and concerns of developing countries

Their exports today face a variety of barriers in their major markets, including non tariff trade barriers and other non tariff measures.

Expert Meeting on Methodologies, Classifications, Quantification

Methodologies, Classifications, Quantification and Development Impacts of Non Tariff Barriers

In addition, economic analysis to complement frequency counts of NTBs should, in particular, focus on the trade restrictiveness and impact of NTBs, especially on developing countries' trade.

So long as developed countries do not fully liberalize their markets by reducing high tariffs and removing non tariff barriers to trade, developing countries will continue to face decreased access to markets in rich countries.

Some current trends in NTB utilization

NTB surveys with the business communities

Belarus is striving to lift barriers and limitations in the field of trade and has taken a decision to start negotiations on its accession to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

There is a wide range of NTBs.

What about the follow up?

It is now widely recognized that, in order to develop a more common database of NTBs, which could be utilized by all interested parties, a relevant classification system must be established reflecting today's empirical evidence.

For other developing and transition economies and developed countries, the figure was only 15 per cent.

However, Kee, Nicita and Olarreaga do not include all NTBs.

In some definitions you will see unless there is some unbalanced force

Table 2a Types of NTBs applied by region (1994)

Table 2b Types of NTBs applied by region (2004)

Despite various preferential trade arrangements with its main trading partners, Africa's external trade continues to be hindered by a host of non tariff barriers and excessive market entry requirements that nullify the market access granted under preferential tariff regimes.

Tariffs and Tortillas

Delete all identifiers.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

Removing tariff and non tariff barriers, eliminating subsidies and improving and diversifying supply are the proposed solutions for resolving the problem they are well known and need no further elaboration.

Nevertheless, scope remains for the liberalization and rationalization of tariffs in non agricultural goods, particularly for the removal of tariff bias, tariff escalation and tariff peaks affecting developing country exports in their major markets.

Some are directly trade related (e.g. import quotas, import surcharges, anti dumping measures), others have a link to trade in as far as their implementation is monitored at the border (e.g. labelling, packaging, sanitary standards), while a third group arises from general public policy (e.g. government procurement, investment restrictions, extent of intellectual property right protection).

There was some lowering of agricultural and other tariffs by the EU.

For instance, WTO Members may choose to categorize non tariff barriers affecting EPPs as those that are more issue specific, e.g. technical barriers to trade (TBT), customs procedures and rules, or more sector specific.

These simple measures represent valuable information that could, if updated on a regular basis, help keep track of the evolution of the relative incidence of different types of NTBs and the incidence of NTBs relative to tariffs.

Item 3. Methodologies, classifications, quantification and development impacts of non tariff barriers (NTBs)

on Tariffs and Trade, 1995

Information barriers

Crossing Borders

It was stated that other key issues are treatment of unbound tariffs and flexibility for developing countries.

(a) Substantial reductions of tariffs, the rolling back of tariff peaks and the removal of tariff escalation

That you can make definitions