And raising borrowing costs for governments with dangerously heavy debts thereby discouraging them from further borrowing is precisely what we should want to do.

But eurozone members that currently benefit from exceptionally low borrowing costs Germany, Austria, Finland, the Netherlands, and, to a lesser extent, France maintain that Italian and Spanish borrowing costs largely reflect these countries failure to reform their economies and strengthen their public finances.

A more plausible explanation is that institutional differences in the ability to borrow dictate to some extent the disparity in savings rates across countries.

This level of annual borrowing is far too high for comfort. It must be cut, but how?

They borrowed too much.

This two speed global economy largely reflects the fact that the 2008 financial crisis began with over borrowing by the rich countries themselves.

But when businesses and consumers try to borrow, they find that it is very costly, if not impossible.

Borrow from foreign and domestic lenders.

The polarization of borrowing costs has politically explosive distributional effects Germany is borrowing and refinancing its existing debt at artificially low interest rates.

Conversely, the fall in savings in the US is largely due to higher borrowing by the young (rather than a fall in middle aged Americans savings rate).

While local governments have been unable to borrow, locally controlled state investment companies can.

Until 2007, many people financed consumer purchases, whose prices were more or less stable, by borrowing against their houses, which were rapidly rising in value.

America s colossal fiscal gap readily calculated using projections by the Congressional Budget Office is close to 1,400 of GDP and dwarfs US official debt, which totals 9 trillion (60 of GDP).

It winds up borrowing temporarily with short term debt then, as borrowing accumulates, it is refinanced with longer term securities.

First comes growth driven by foreign borrowing.

And what, really, is so humiliating about borrowing from your own citizens?

This will enable the ECB to put a lid on the borrowing costs of countries that submit to an austerity program under the supervision of the Troika (the IMF, the ECB, and the European Commission).

Indeed, those who can borrow (high grade firms and prime households) don t want or need to, while those who need to highly leveraged firms and non prime households can t, owing to the credit crunch.

3. Stresses the importance of promoting responsible borrowing and lending

High borrowing costs are needed to focus minds and instill discipline.

Farmers borrow money from usurious private lenders.

So this brings us to the need to increase normal access limits.

But they have not prevented a borrowing binge in their private sectors.

Explanatory note on outside commercial borrowing

Stresses the importance of promoting responsible borrowing and lending

Borrowing is also supported by an easing of credit standards and new financial products that increase leverage and widen the range of assets that can be borrowed against.

But when politicians say growth, they mean borrowing.

Reborrowing is the process where a word travels from one language to another and then back to the originating language in a different form or with a different meaning.

Compared to the private sector, local governments and state owned enterprises tend to have access to significantly cheaper funding, with the gap between official interest rates and shadow banking borrowing costs reaching as much as ten percentage points.

Spanish borrowing costs are also rising.

Real interest rates may rise, as America borrows more and more.

Businesses will want to borrow, and banks will want to expand their lending.

Their governments have no choice but to borrow from the Fund.

The viability of outside commercial borrowing was examined with the assistance of a financial consultant.

It is one thing to borrow to make an investment, which strengthens balance sheets it is another thing to borrow to finance a vacation or a consumption binge.

The Italian and Spanish governments argue that their high borrowing costs largely reflect convertibility risks, and that the ECB should do as much as necessary to address them.

Of course, the US government claims to want to rein in borrowing.

If they did that, they could not borrow at all.

In practice, it is only banks that have access to cheap borrowing, so they can reconstitute their balance sheets by borrowing cheaply and lending expensively.

This crisis was largely a result of America s effort to bolster an economy weakened by vastly increased inequality, through low interest rates and lax regulation (both of which resulted in many people borrowing far beyond their means).

This level of borrowing poses a new type of financial risk for China.

Now these heavily indebted households cannot borrow and spend any more.

Meanwhile, high domestic borrowing costs are undermining private investment.

Since then, the city has continued to borrow, mostly to service its outstanding bonds.

Borrowing from the IMF may be humiliating for government officials.