(a) suing or being sued and

(a) delivering humanitarian, political or development assistance in peacebuilding, including in pre conflict, conflict and post conflict situations or

The use of special courts or tribunals is also problematic because they often do not use the duly established procedures of the legal process.

In this regard, litigation PR is akin to reputation management.

The critical issue, however, was not the date when the dispute arose, but the date of the facts or situations in relation to which the dispute arose.

Unless ports are on the list, both sides may be bound to litigate a matter at an inland location when both would prefer the litigation to be in a port.

Their litigation strategy took advantage of a standard contractual clause (called pari passu) intended to ensure that all claimants are treated equally.

Treaties applicable to situations of armed conflict in accordance with their express provisions are operative in case of an armed conflict, without prejudice to the conclusion of lawful agreements between the parties to the armed conflict involving suspension or waiver of the relevant treaties.

The definition proposed above refers to armed operations which by their nature or extent are likely to affect the operation of treaties between States parties to the armed conflict .

The Second Concept Litigation PR is to protect the client s reputation before and during the trial.

5 ( The outbreak of an armed conflict between some of the parties to a multilateral treaty does not ipso facto terminate or suspend the operation of that treaty between other contracting States or between them and the States parties to the armed conflict ).

Latimer worked as an engineer, a draftsman and an expert witness in patent litigation on electric lights.

In any event, such a process of litigation would be laborious, onerous and the costs prohibitive.

She wished to know whether there had been any cases of prosecution for domestic violence.

Litigation public relations is the management of the communication process during the course of any legal dispute or adjudicatory processing so as to affect the outcome or its impact on the client s overall reputation (Haggerty, 2003).

(b) The dispute is pending before a court or tribunal which has the authority to make decisions binding on the parties.

Treaty provisions expressly confirming the applicability of the treaty during armed conflict or war will generally be honoured.

The modern view espoused by IDI in its 1985 study and resolution is that armed conflict does not ipso facto terminate or suspend the operation of treaties in force between the parties to a conflict. Although this broad statement is perhaps one of the only common denominators that can be drawn from the vastly divergent practice and doctrine, its overly general nature is unsatisfactory.

In cases of family differences or dispute, the income of the person with whom the differences or the dispute is held, is not taken into consideration.

More ominous, however, is the sovereignty dispute between Japan and China.

It was suggested that it would be difficult to support an exclusive jurisdiction clause that might allow the carrier in some situations to dictate jurisdiction, particularly where a remote geographic location and the costs of litigating disputes could put cargo interests at a disadvantage.

An international incident is a seemingly relatively small or limited action or clash that results in a wider dispute between two or more nation states.

The doctrine ranging over several generations recognizes that treaties declaring, creating, or regulating permanent rights or a permanent regime or status are not suspended or terminated in case of an armed conflict.

Indeed, the existence or absence of a framework of cooperation often determines whether a dispute mutates into a crisis.

However, the Court did not address the issue of the effects of armed conflict on validity or suspension in the Nicaragua case.

The internal armed conflict

(f) The effects of the different approaches on affirming justiciability and promoting the realization of economic, social and cultural rights at the national level

The rules applicable during conflict apply irrespective of the lawfulness of the resort to armed force.

Second, a group of environmental treaties contains express language making them wholly or partly inapplicable in times of armed conflict.

Some treaties contain express provisions that armed conflict leads to the suspension or abrogation of some or all of their terms.

1. Any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of the present articles shall be settled expeditiously through peaceful means of settlement chosen by mutual agreement of the parties to the dispute, including negotiations, mediation, conciliation, arbitration or judicial settlement.

In one respect, then, the dispute appears set to follow a path similar to the US Japan case.

Litigation PR is more regulated than regular public relations because of the potential to prejudice the legal process (Gibson, 1998).

Thus, support was expressed for the principle that damage to the environment per se should be actionable and subject to prompt and adequate compensation.

She also wished to know whether the issue of the equal treatment of wives was justiciable before a family court.

The programme would also include interviews with individual staff members who wish to discuss their specific cases, recourse procedures and options or to become members of the Panel of Counsel, and follow up meetings with both clients and counsel, with an emphasis on identifying and training counsel.

The whole world knows that there is a dispute.

Reconciling Hamas and Fatah

Worse, litigation in the Philippines takes at least five years on average to be concluded.

The enactment of the Administrative Litigation Law in 1990 enabled Chinese citizens to file lawsuits against local governments and public agencies.

Although the practice of PR involves far more than just mediated communication, litigation PR remains dependent on the media.

Over the course of the conflict, children were kidnapped, forcibly recruited into the fighting forces and or trafficked with frightening regularity.

These difficulties are exacerbated by the OAS s inability to address complex situations such as the coup d état in Honduras, the conflict between Ecuador and Colombia, or broader regional problems.

But the deal has not stuck, and the conflict has continued.

The key dispute is over Cyprus.