In view of the state of winter herding areas, the present number of reindeer is high.

After logging, logging waste prevents reindeer grazing and compacted snow hampers digging.

On the issue of substantiation of claims, the authors argue that they have shown that the reductions of reindeer after the Ministry's decisions was a direct consequence of the impact of logging on pasture areas.

8.7 It is submitted that after logging, as reindeer do not remain grazing on managed areas, grazing pressure comes to bear on the remaining territory.

In addition, the State collects a penalty fee if the Herdsmen's Committee exceeds its quota of reindeer per herd on account of failure to sell.

Recent years have seen mass starvation among reindeer.

It was the traditional grazing land of the 'Azazme tribe.

Under the Reindeer Herding Act, a Herdsmen's Committee consists of all herdsmen in a given area and who are not personally responsible for the performance of the Committee's duties thus, any claim on the Herdsmen's Committee's behalf amounts to an actio popularis.

6.6 Taking into account the authors' contention that they had suffered a significant reduction in the number of reindeer that they are permitted to raise in their herding areas, the Committee considered that the parts of the communication that have not been found inadmissible for lack of standing or failure to exhaust domestic remedies had been substantiated, for purposes of admissibility.

I grew up herding, looking after our livestock goats, sheep and cattle.

The fate of pastoralism is an issue that concerns the majority of affected countries.

Despite these conditions, the profitability of reindeer husbandry has not improved, as the companies buying reindeer meat have reduced their prices by up to 30 per cent and have purchased less.

The authors refer to the view of the Lapland and Kemin Sompio Herdsmen Committee's who have previously stated that artificial feeding causes inequalities and disputes within the Herdsmen's Committee, and is regarded as a threat to the old Sami tradition and culture of reindeer husbandry.

Pastoralism has long been a harrowing existence in the Horn of Africa.

A practical effect was government seizure of traditional communal grazing lands.

At the same time that logging proceeds, reindeer numbers have been reduced because the pastures still available cannot support the previous number of reindeer.

Most herders in Mongolia follow a pattern of nomadic or semi nomadic pastoralism.

The Ministry is charged by statute, in determining the maximum number of reindeer, to ensure that the number of reindeer grazing in the Herdsmen's Committee's area in the winter season does not exceed the sustainable productive capacity of the Herdsmen's Committee's winter pastures.

Jonas Vannar shares his experience as a traditional Saami reindeer herder in the video below.

The felling cycle involves a wide range of measures, even the least invasive of which cause harm to reindeer husbandry.

The ongoing and increasing logging of fine lichen forests increases the necessity of providing fodder and threatens the economic self sustainability of reindeer husbandry, as husbandry depends on the reindeer being able to sustain themselves.

3.5 Despite the recent reductions in reindeer herds, the National Forest Park Service continues to conduct logging operations, destroying the Herdsmen's Committee's pastures, and further deteriorating husbandry conditions.

The high numbers of reindeer kept by the Herdsmen's Committee in their herds and the resulting adverse effects on herding lands, increase the need for additional feeding, thereby harming the reindeer husbandry.

The process used for enforcing the limitations on grazing will be critical to the success of the programme.

For the State party, the Ministry's decision on the permitted number of reindeer does not alone constitute any substantiated evidence of the effects of certain individual loggings, but rather of the effects of the high numbers of reindeer kept in herds.

The Lapponian herder (Lapinporokoira or Lapp Reindeer dog or Lapsk Vallhund) is a breed of dog from Finland, one of three Lapphund breeds developed from a type of dog used by the Sami people for herding and guarding their reindeer.

The State party adds that apart from the number of reindeers per herd, the difficulties of reindeer herdsmen and the poor state of herding lands are not so much affected by forestry as they are by other forms of forest use.

In certain countries, grazing land reforms are brought about by the changing context of the development institutions.

Jordan also states that overgrazing reduced plant diversity and biomass in the rangelands.

Consideration of pastoralism and the sustainable use of rangelands should therefore be kept under review by the COP and its subsidiary bodies.

8.4 The National Forest and Park Service invited the Herdsmen's Committee on two field trips in Kippalvaara and Kippalrova in September 2001 and Savonvaara Pontikkamäki in January 2002, at which herdsmen expressed their opposition to the logging proposals.

If, on the other hand, the aim is to engage in reindeer husbandry based purely on natural pastures, then loggings even those notified as relatively mild will be of greater significance for reindeer husbandry that is already in difficulties for other reasons .

He can graze again, he can cut, he can bring in another species, like the lambs, or he can make hay for the winter.

It is also observed that reindeer herdsmen's committees within the Sami often have a mixed composition of both Sami and other Finns as their members.

It also takes into consideration that despite difficulties the overall number of reindeers still remains relatively high.

The increasing fragility of the range, overgrazing, lack of investment and inappropriate herding practices illustrate growing constraints.

In the determination of the maximum numbers of reindeer, the principle enshrined in section 21, subsection 2, is applied according to which the number of reindeer in the herds on the lands administered by the Committee may not exceed the sustainable productive capacity of the winter pastures.

An inventory of Alectoria lichen was conducted in the territory of the Lapland Herdsman's Committee in 1999 to 2000, in which it confirmed that the incidence of Alectoria lichen in the logged forest areas is very low, and that logging operations cause considerable harm to reindeer husbandry.

Iraq contends that any degradation was caused by other factors, such as overgrazing and unsustainable land use.

Establishing limitations on animal numbers requires agreement on an initial allocation of grazing rights.

Traditional approaches used in the Badia to enforce grazing rights may play an important role in such a programme.

According to a statement given by the Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute on 31 January 2002, the operations referred to in the communication do not have any significant additional adverse effects on reindeer herding in the long term if the numbers of reindeer are maintained approximately at their present level.

Pottery became widespread (with independent development in Central America) and animal husbandry (pastoralism) spread to Africa and Eurasia.

This choice is amply justified since overgrazing is a crucial problem owing to the considerable increase in animal density.

3.2 As to the effect of the logging on the author's herd, it is submitted that reindeer tend to avoid areas being logged or prepared for logging. They therefore stray to seek other pastures and thereby incur additional labour for the herders.