Later this monopoly would be enforced by the Papal bulls Dum Diversas (1452) and Romanus Pontifex (1455), granting Portugal the trade monopoly for the newly discovered lands.

Through the royal monopoly on trade, he was able to keep them dependent on his favor.

Now, after the explosive post war expansion of global trade, most unions have seen their monopoly power eroded, if not shattered.

The Kremlin s Failing Monopoly

There would still be a need for regulation, especially where monopoly or near monopoly is involved.

The CCP s monopoly of public moral authority is long gone, and now its monopoly of political power is at risk as well.

a monopoly over the use of legitimate force

For example, the English crown gave the Hudson's Bay Company a monopoly on the fur trade in the entire Hudson Bay basin, an area called Rupert's Land.

It is doubtful that the great expansion of intercontinental trade in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries would have been possible without the incentives that states provided, such as monopoly charters.

Eventually, significant losses to the Dutch in Portuguese India and Southeast Asia during the 17th century brought an end to the Portuguese trade monopoly in the Indian Ocean.

On June 3, 1621, it was granted a charter for a trade monopoly in the West Indies (meaning the Caribbean) by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and given jurisdiction over the Atlantic slave trade, Brazil, the Caribbean, and North America.

Breaking the Neoclassical Monopoly in Economics

There they established some of Brazil's first financial institutions, such as its local stock exchanges, a National Bank, and ended the monopoly of the colony trade with Portugal, opening it to other nations.

From employing its strong trade position to exploiting its near monopoly on the global production of vital resources like rare earth minerals, China has staked out a more domineering role in Asia.

Finally, the Francophone approach relies on two types of monopoly.

A large number of free trade agreements with competition policy provisions and cooperation agreements on anti monopoly matters have also been concluded among the Central and Eastern European and CIS countries.The CIS has also agreed, in the context of the creation of an economic union among its members, to create conditions for fair competition, including a mechanism for anti monopoly regulation.

A monopoly is like running on firm ground.

The second monopoly is exercised in the banking sector.

The near monopoly of power once enjoyed by sovereign entities is being eroded.

Genoa replaced Venice in the monopoly of commerce with the Black Sea territories.

As a result, the ANC s monopoly on legitimacy is loosening.

It's also used in things like McDonald's Monopoly, where the game is not the Monopoly game you're playing, but the sort of cottage industries that form to try and find Boardwalk, right.

American, British, and French oil companies enjoyed a virtual monopoly of Nigeria s oil industry.

Business monopoly in some sectors causes higher profit bookings and further raising of prices.

Hardliners, who refused to give up their monopoly on power, won.

In this newly competitive environment, oil will trade like any normal commodity, with the Saudi monopoly broken and North American production costs setting a long term price ceiling of around 50 a barrel, for reasons I set out in January.

We do not claim a monopoly of wisdom in the field of disarmament, nuclear or otherwise.

And Ayatollah Khomeini challenged the Al Saud s ideological monopoly and control of Mecca and Medina.

To be fair, such an existential philosophy was not the right s monopoly.

Novi Sad has also become our candidate, on the additional Monopoly list.

NicolasSehnaoui MoNajem The law that gives casino du liban monopoly over gambling.

JAL also had a flag carrier monopoly on international routes until 1986.

But this regulation, when combined with China s aggressive pricing, suggests a desire to assert monopoly control, and the de facto ban of rare earth exports to Japan looks like an effort to test the benefits of this looming monopoly.

No country or group of countries should be permitted to have a monopoly of these devastating weapons.

It wasn t terror that was the basis of Stalin s power, but his complete monopoly on information.

When the state is incapable of protecting its own citizens, it loses its monopoly on violence.

One way to combat mercenarism was for Governments to retain the monopoly of public security functions.

Having a virtual monopoly on supply, Russia decided that it could dictate prices.

But, for Khamenei, nuclear concessions might also undermine his monopoly over domestic politics.

But the key point was that the party s monopoly on power was jettisoned.

A separate US legal case has underscored one of the main dangers of patent driven monopoly power corruption.

At least since 1989, the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party s monopoly on power has been fragile.

So, if a monopoly is restricting output and raising prices, regulate firms and industries.

Russia s main foreign policy instrument in Georgia is Gazprom, the state controlled gas monopoly.

By suppressing internal rivals and absorbing their assets, the regime created a dual monopoly.