With respect to financial supervision, there has been increasing support since the crisis for countercyclical capital requirements, at least for banks.

The development and implementation of the Basel III banking standards are essential to introducing countercyclical capital buffers and additional loss absorbency for these institutions.

While developed countries engage in stabilizing countercyclical policies, developing countries would be forced into destabilizing policies, driving away capital when they need it most.

European banks have been operating on a great deal of debt and very little shareholder capital the essential buffer against potential losses.

Chile s fiscal institutions insure a countercyclical budget.

In 1809, to protect their imperial capital, Saint Petersburg, the Russians conquered Finland and converted it into an autonomous buffer state within the Russian Empire.

Capital adequacy was a matter of judgment examiners would figure out how large a buffer a bank ought to have, taking into account its specific risks.

As a result, not only are countercyclical measures needed, but banks capital requirements should vary inversely with the boom and bust fluctuations in the asset markets to which they are heavily exposed.

Such countercyclical capital requirements are likely to be added to the toolkit of macroprudential rules and policies, the use of which has risen as enthusiasm for light touch financial supervision has faded.

Fiscal policy was left as the only countercyclical policy option.

Now that the European Banking Authority has finally issued new prudential rules, they can get about the business of raising the capital they need as a buffer against losses.

This function requires a fixed buffer.

Because of the nature of the separating mechanism, pH, buffer type, buffer concentration, and temperature all play important roles in controlling the separation.

They depend on the stabilizing functions that central banks and countercyclical fiscal policy provide.

That implies a transparent rule of law, and competent, conservative, and countercyclical macroeconomic management.

Without the ability to take timely countercyclical measures, such countries fare poorly when crises hit.

Nevertheless, many were capable of at least some countercyclical measures without destabilizing their public finances.

That is true of both monetary and fiscal policy the two mainstays of modern countercyclical stabilization.

But some vulnerable countries are still struggling to finance countercyclical investment and expanded social protection services.

Their emphasis has been on countercyclical measures intended to moderate the downturn rather than on restructuring.

Welcoming all demining activity in the buffer zone, including the agreement to begin the clearing of Turkish Forces minefields in Nicosia and surrounding areas within the buffer zone,

But that also means that it will need a more robust mechanism for countercyclical responses to shocks.

At the same time, the Fund s capital resources would back the vehicle if the first loss buffer provided by the eurozone were eroded that way, the market would understand that strength from outside the eurozone can be brought to bear.

But in a shock prone world, it is a fragile system, because it precludes anything but modest countercyclical policy.

But a step in the right direction could be taken by partial fiscal centralization with a limited countercyclical mandate.

The clearing of mines in the buffer zone continued during the reporting period.

In either case, the US government, hamstrung by already wide deficits, may feel powerless to respond with countercyclical fiscal policy.

These large foreign exchange reserves are no longer held to buffer temporary trade imbalances.

However, a buffer may be used when moving data between processes within a computer.

For these implementations, the buffer is often sized according to the POSIX macro LINE_MAX.

We have facilities around there. You also have a buffer zone that's 17 square kilometers.

One suggested approach is to leave an uninhabited buffer zone extending shoreward from the water.

Tibet ceased to be a political buffer when China annexed it nearly six decades ago.

To provide support as required for the prevention of civil disorder within the buffer zone

The worm spread itself using a common type of vulnerability known as a buffer overflow.

After the Indian rebellion of 1857, successive British governments saw Afghanistan as a buffer state.

UNFICYP supported civilian projects in the buffer zone, in particular farming activities and infrastructure improvements.

In theory, strict in depth monitoring could distinguish genuinely prudent countercyclical responses from profligacy. But in practice it is hard to enforce.

Those developing countries that maintain a stable macroeconomic environment, a countercyclical mindset, and steady progress on governance, education, and infrastructure will thrive.

Moreover, investments in bonds issued by their home governments require no buffer, regardless of the rating.

The key is to reflect on six kinds of capital goods business capital, infrastructure, human capital, intellectual capital, natural capital, and social capital.

Protecting urban areas that are located near the ocean, but lack buffer beaches, requires a different approach.

The core zone of this national park covers 857.54 km2 and a buffer zone of 1,954 km2.

Generally speaking, the religious order stood as a buffer between the political order and the common people.

Having lost Poland as a buffer, Russia now had to share borders with both Prussia and Austria.