The ad valorem equivalents emerged as key, as they determine the level of the base rate to which tiered formula cuts will be applied for those products subject to non ad valorem duties.

Technical issues on the market access pillar included the so called gateway issues of converting volume based import duties, non ad valorem tariffs, into value based, ad valorem equivalents, as expressed as the percentage of unit value.

Kee H.L., A. Nicita and M. Olarreaga, Ad Valorem Equivalents of Non Tariff Barriers , unpublished manuscript, World Bank, 2004.

Discussion of the formula for tariff cuts was delayed pending the resolution of the methodology for calculating ad valorem equivalents.

Thus, they should allow easy retrieval of so called ad valorem equivalents (AVEs), also called implicit tariffs or implicit rates of protection.

Other key issues include the treatment of unbound tariffs, ad valorem equivalents, flexibilities for developing countries, participation in sectoral negotiations and trade preferences.

3310 Variable levies

And until the work of Kee, Nicita and Olarreaga, ad valorem equivalent estimates had never been computed in such a systematic and extensive way.

The introduction of an NTB that does not take a price ad valorem form makes the import demand curve shift in a non parallel way.

Other issues relate to the treatment of rates on unbound tariff lines, the extent of the binding coverage, the methodology to be used to the establish the base rate, or final bound rate, and the conversion of specific rates to ad valorem or percentage format.

It is an independent statutory body whose operations are funded by levies on the regulated sectors.

Source of funds The Adaptation Fund will be financed by a combination of voluntary contributions and mandatory levies.

underinvestment in the public sector, including in infrastructure, evidenced so dramatically by the collapse of New Orleans levies and

The economist Barry Eichengreen once explored the imposition of capital levies in the aftermath of World Wars I and II.

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We note, for example, the interesting proposal by France to impose levies on air tickets as a means of securing funding to combat HIV AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis.

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At best, taxes will eventually be raised and spending cut, with a negative effect on growth at worst, the outcome may be direct capital levies (default) or indirect ones (inflation).

Concerned that cutting spending might lose him votes, Berlusconi is proposing a tax cut of less that 0.3 of GDP and one that is partly to be financed by other levies.

Thus, goods in transit to and from Paraguay can now remain in storage without payment of duties, taxes and other levies for up to 180 days, extendable for a further 90 days.

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Unlike the convention financial mechanisms operated by the GEF, the Adaptation Fund is to be financed through a combination of voluntary contributions and mandatory levies on the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).

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