There is an internationally wrongful act of a State when conduct consisting of an action or omission

Clearly, omissions are wrongful when an international organization is required to take some positive action and fails to do so.

As indicated in draft article 3, the wrongful act of an international organization may consist in an action or in an omission.

1. The breach of an international obligation by a State through a series of actions or omissions defined in aggregate as wrongful occurs when the action or omission occurs which, taken with the other actions or omissions, is sufficient to constitute the wrongful act.

The breach of an international obligation by an international organization through a series of actions and omissions defined in aggregate as wrongful, occurs when the action or omission occurs which, taken with the other actions or omissions, is sufficient to constitute the wrongful act.

The breach of an international obligation by an international organization through a series of actions and omissions defined in aggregate as wrongful, occurs when the action or omission occurs which, taken with the other actions or omissions, is sufficient to constitute the wrongful act.

The breach of an international obligation by an international organization through a series of actions and omissions defined in aggregate as wrongful, occurs when the action or omission occurs which, taken with the other actions or omissions, is sufficient to constitute the wrongful act.

The breach of an international obligation by an international organization through a series of actions and omissions defined in aggregate as wrongful, occurs when the action or omission occurs which, taken with the other actions or omissions, is sufficient to constitute the wrongful act.

Responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts

The internationally wrongful act of a State

Legal consequences of an internationally wrongful act

Countermeasures in respect of an internationally wrongful act

(a) The internationally wrongful act has ceased and

the internationally wrongful act of an international organization

56 83. Responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts

Responsibility of a State for its internationally wrongful acts

Elements of an internationally wrongful act of a State

62 61. Responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts

59 35. Responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts

1. Commends once again the articles on responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts to the attention of Governments, without prejudice to the question of their future adoption or other appropriate action

Characterization of an act of a State as internationally wrongful

Where several States are injured by the same internationally wrongful act, each injured State may separately invoke the responsibility of the State which has committed the internationally wrongful act.

Aid or assistance in the commission of an internationally wrongful act

Agenda item 139 Responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts (continued)

Articles on the responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, art.

(b) The act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that State.

Direction and control exercised over the commission of an internationally wrongful act

The State responsible for the internationally wrongful act is under an obligation

(b) The act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that State.

(b) The act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that organization.

Direction and control exercised over the commission of an internationally wrongful act

(b) the act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that organization.

(e) Countermeasures must cease immediately when the internationally wrongful act has ceased.

This means that other States often have to take action against parties with little or no understanding of what wrongful conduct occurred (or is occurring), hampering any national investigative or enforcement actions they might wish to take.

The overall criterion is always that of effective reparation for the wrongful act.

Article 12 Aid or assistance in the commission of an internationally wrongful act

(a) Article 16 of the articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts only considers the case that a State aids or assists another State in the commission of an internationally wrongful act.

There is also an internationally wrongful act of an international organization when it aids or assists a State or another international organization in the commission of an internationally wrongful act by that State or organization

Every internationally wrongful act of a State entails the international responsibility of that State.

See article 17 of the articles on Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts which reads

See article 18 of the articles on Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts which reads

Article 13 Direction and control exercised over the commission of an internationally wrongful act

A State responsible for an internationally wrongful act is under an obligation to make restitution, that is, to re establish the situation which existed before the wrongful act was committed, provided and to the extent that restitution

The commentary to article 18 on responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts stresses that

It corresponds in part to article 19 on responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts.