Later this monopoly would be enforced by the Papal bulls Dum Diversas (1452) and Romanus Pontifex (1455), granting Portugal the trade monopoly for the newly discovered lands.

Through the royal monopoly on trade, he was able to keep them dependent on his favor.

Now, after the explosive post war expansion of global trade, most unions have seen their monopoly power eroded, if not shattered.

The Kremlin s Failing Monopoly

There would still be a need for regulation, especially where monopoly or near monopoly is involved.

For example, the English crown gave the Hudson's Bay Company a monopoly on the fur trade in the entire Hudson Bay basin, an area called Rupert's Land.

Eventually, significant losses to the Dutch in Portuguese India and Southeast Asia during the 17th century brought an end to the Portuguese trade monopoly in the Indian Ocean.

Breaking the Neoclassical Monopoly in Economics

It is doubtful that the great expansion of intercontinental trade in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries would have been possible without the incentives that states provided, such as monopoly charters.

The CCP s monopoly of public moral authority is long gone, and now its monopoly of political power is at risk as well.

On June 3, 1621, it was granted a charter for a trade monopoly in the West Indies (meaning the Caribbean) by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and given jurisdiction over the Atlantic slave trade, Brazil, the Caribbean, and North America.

A monopoly is like running on firm ground.

a monopoly over the use of legitimate force

From employing its strong trade position to exploiting its near monopoly on the global production of vital resources like rare earth minerals, China has staked out a more domineering role in Asia.

There they established some of Brazil's first financial institutions, such as its local stock exchanges, a National Bank, and ended the monopoly of the colony trade with Portugal, opening it to other nations.

The second monopoly is exercised in the banking sector.

Finally, the Francophone approach relies on two types of monopoly.

As a result, the ANC s monopoly on legitimacy is loosening.

A large number of free trade agreements with competition policy provisions and cooperation agreements on anti monopoly matters have also been concluded among the Central and Eastern European and CIS countries.The CIS has also agreed, in the context of the creation of an economic union among its members, to create conditions for fair competition, including a mechanism for anti monopoly regulation.

Hardliners, who refused to give up their monopoly on power, won.

To be fair, such an existential philosophy was not the right s monopoly.

Novi Sad has also become our candidate, on the additional Monopoly list.

NicolasSehnaoui MoNajem The law that gives casino du liban monopoly over gambling.

JAL also had a flag carrier monopoly on international routes until 1986.

It's also used in things like McDonald's Monopoly, where the game is not the Monopoly game you're playing, but the sort of cottage industries that form to try and find Boardwalk, right.

The near monopoly of power once enjoyed by sovereign entities is being eroded.

Having a virtual monopoly on supply, Russia decided that it could dictate prices.

But, for Khamenei, nuclear concessions might also undermine his monopoly over domestic politics.

But the key point was that the party s monopoly on power was jettisoned.

Genoa replaced Venice in the monopoly of commerce with the Black Sea territories.

In this newly competitive environment, oil will trade like any normal commodity, with the Saudi monopoly broken and North American production costs setting a long term price ceiling of around 50 a barrel, for reasons I set out in January.

So, if a monopoly is restricting output and raising prices, regulate firms and industries.

American, British, and French oil companies enjoyed a virtual monopoly of Nigeria s oil industry.

Russia s main foreign policy instrument in Georgia is Gazprom, the state controlled gas monopoly.

By suppressing internal rivals and absorbing their assets, the regime created a dual monopoly.

SOEs will lose their low interest loans, subsidized land, monopoly protection, and privileged housing.

Business monopoly in some sectors causes higher profit bookings and further raising of prices.

You had a monopoly supplier. On the left, you have Rupert Murdoch, or the BBC.

A monopoly is poison for a market economy, because it increases prices and decreases volume.

And Ayatollah Khomeini challenged the Al Saud s ideological monopoly and control of Mecca and Medina.

Nor does the Middle East have a monopoly on Islamist extremism, ethnic tension, or terrorism.

The Solidarity union that was born in 1980 broke the Communist Party s monopoly on power.

But this regulation, when combined with China s aggressive pricing, suggests a desire to assert monopoly control, and the de facto ban of rare earth exports to Japan looks like an effort to test the benefits of this looming monopoly.

It wasn t terror that was the basis of Stalin s power, but his complete monopoly on information.

Gazprom is buying up oil (Sibneft), gas, and power companies at knockdown prices, reinforcing its monopoly.