Within each country, despite net gains, there are also some losers.

There are no income, estate or capital gains taxes.

The portion of capital inflows that is not re exported represents net capital inflows.

Net capital imports exceeded 800 billion in 2008 alone.

Abolition of taxes on realized capital gains increased the sales of shares enormously.

He asked for and got cuts in capital gains, dividend, and income taxes.

The second conclusion is that the gross gains fees, trading profits, and capital gains to the winners (perhaps 800 billion from this year s M A s) greatly exceed the perhaps 170 billion in net gains. Governments have a very important educational, admonitory, and regulatory role to play people should know the risks and probabilities, for they may wind up among losers of the other 630 billion.

Net private capital flows, particularly to developing economies, have become more volatile.

Direct interventions, restrictions on short term capital inflows, capital gains taxes, and stabilizing prudential banking regulations will all have to be considered.

Property or capital gains taxes could help curb demand for housing as an investment vehicle.

The net cash flow to total invested capital is the generally accepted choice.

However, these have been partially offset by net outflows of other kinds of capital.

A recent study found that taxing capital gains and dividends as ordinary income, subject to a maximum 28 rate on long term capital gains (the pre 1997 rate), could finance a cut in the corporate tax rate from 35 to 26 .

Political interference in the stock market is not merely about taxes on capital gains, dividends, and income.

Because investment is so low, net capital exports from Germany are nearly 4 of GDP.

China could usefully explore shifting part of the burden from labor toward property, capital gains, and inheritance taxes.

But we all know the outcome while international capital flows soared, the large net flow of capital from rich to poor countries simply never materialized.

This is bad news for reducing income inequality, as capital gains and high end wages may grow much faster.

But whether renminbi appreciation will work depends on reducing China s net capital inflows and current account surplus.

Spanish banks speculated on a continuing increase in real estate prices, which would bring large capital gains to their customers.

In short, Japan s national savings still exceed its domestic investment, allowing Japan to be a net capital exporter.

Finally, public purchases of domestic assets to stabilize asset prices and net capital flows will become increasingly common.

But even though net international capital flows are going the wrong way, there are still substantial gross capital flows outward from the world economy s core to its periphery.

Creating a fairer and more efficient tax system, by eliminating the special treatment of capital gains and dividends, is also needed.

People have enjoyed such huge capital gains over the past decade that most feel like gamblers on a long winning streak.

Developing countries' alleged gains from capital market liberalization have been widely discussed (although recent studies raise some doubts about these benefits).

The propaganda was successful. Even in 2008, the US was able to attract net capital inflows of 808 billion.

In fact, their new found resilience to capital market shocks is due in no small part to their becoming net lenders to the rest of the world, after years as net borrowers.

The measures include tighter limits on home purchases by non locals in cities with excessive price gains, a reinforced 20 capital gains tax, mandatory 70 down payments, and a 30 benchmark interest rate premium for second mortgages.

Yes, China needs to strengthen its social safety net and to deepen domestic capital markets before consumption can take off.

A factor worthy of note is that developing economies in the ESCAP region have become net exporters of capital as persistent current account surpluses in some countries combined with a sharp increase in net private capital flows have been reflected primarily in the substantial accumulation of official reserves.

Urbanites people with formal registration as urban residents have recorded income gains as well, owing to their coverage by the government run education system and social safety net.

Furthermore, attracting more direct investment is crucial, given that capital inflows, while recovering, remain 30 below their pre crisis level with outflows exceeding inflows, Italy has become a net capital exporter.

Inflation remains contained, but, more to the point, China s government has an arsenal of other weapons (from taxes on capital inflows and capital gains taxes to a variety of monetary instruments) at its disposal.

And if Japan s domestic net saving surplus vanishes, the current 175 billion of capital outflow would no longer be available to other countries, while Japan might itself become a net drain on global savings.

The 30 mainly consists of four components capital spending by firms, net exports (exports less imports), residential construction, and government purchases.

The international balance of payments remains in surplus, and there is still a net capital inflow despite the global credit crunch.

In some cases, US firms bought the banks, held on to them until Korea recovered, and then resold them, reaping billions in capital gains.

Second, wealth effects are maximized when debt service is minimized that is, when interest expenses do not swallow the capital gains of asset appreciation.

The unprecedented increase in developing countries foreign exchange reserves is due both to their current account surpluses and large net capital inflows.

The global net benefit of the increased flow of migrants for 25 years is between 13 trillion and 39 trillion close to the median estimated gains from the Doha round.

Taxes. Obama would raise the top marginal tax rates on wages, capital gains, dividends, interest, and estates, especially on higher income individuals and small businesses.

No one can determine how much of America s productivity gains in recent years have resulted from squeezing human capital, because such things are not measured.

The current account deficit is equal to the trade deficit plus the cost of servicing the net international asset position the net rent, interest, and dividends owed to foreigners who have invested their capital in the US.

Likewise, the government s deficit might fall not because of austerity, but because the stock market s anticipation of economic growth fuels higher revenues from capital gains tax.