Emerging market interest rate spreads now are abnormally low.

Labor market experts thus consider the unemployment rate a potentially misleading indicator, because a youth unemployment rate of 50 does not mean that half of the young population is unemployed. That is why one should look at the unemployment ratio the percentage of the unemployed in the reference population rather than at the unemployment rate.

The timing of the 2001 rate decrease stunned the market.

Indeed, the official unemployment rate understates the weakness of the labor market.

19.1 The rate of participation of young girls in the labour market.

Raising women s labor market participation rate boosts economic performance in a number of ways.

Since 2003, the market has posted a compound annual growth rate of over 110 .

According to the followers of Knut Wicksell, the central bank must keep the market rate of interest near the natural rate of interest.

As a result, market oriented interest rate reform is now needed to help optimize capital allocation and support the development of China s financial market, thereby laying the groundwork for future capital account and exchange rate liberalization.

Emerging market economies will take some steps, including interest rate cuts, to safeguard domestic growth.

Sometimes we rely on our judgment in combining interest rate action with open market operations.

What China needs is a more flexible exchange rate that can respond freely to market forces.

Like many other successful emerging market countries, Mauritius is confronting a loss of exchange rate competitiveness.

He would prefer to retain the paragraph as it stood at any rate, the reference to taking a decision should be kept.

This led to the development of a parallel market of dollars in the subsequent years with the official exchange rate less than a sixth of black market value.

China is reforming its policy, as a part of a move to a more market determined exchange rate.

And the fact that China s market exchange rate was far lower (i.e., more yuan per dollar) than the earlier PPP exchange rate had been interpreted as evidence of huge undervaluation.

The Panel notes that, according to various reports, the unofficial exchange rate or market rate prior to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait was approximately 11 Iraqi dinars to one Kuwaiti dinar.

By the time of the Louvre meeting, the dollar had fallen and the participants now discussed target zones or reference ranges around a central rate.

Clearly, the market has reached its own verdict, reflected in the gap between the official exchange rate of 4.6 Argentine pesos to the dollar and the black market rate, which recently reached 6.8, with some economists whispering that an eight peso dollar is likely before too long.

There is no single recognized reference price for steel, and in the short term prices may differ significantly from one regional market to another.

And, because people trade bonds for commodities, cash, and stocks, the prices of government debt are the rate of inflation, the nominal interest rate, and the level of the stock market.

The Fed could, in principle, limit inflationary lending by raising the interest rate on excess reserves or by using open market operations to increase the short term federal funds interest rate.

One sure way to reduce the savings rate in China would be to develop an American style mortgage market there.

Domestic financial reforms will focus on strengthening policy coordination and moving toward market determined interest rates and exchange rate flexibility.

In recent years, the rate of women receiving this payment has decreased moderately, mostly due to changes in the rate of women's participation in the labor market whilst in their fertility phase.

Reference was also made to the need to improve market access for alternative development products, in order to reduce and alleviate poverty in rural areas.

The informal or black market exchange rate determines the value of the kyat according to supply and demand in the marketplace.

The Farah Report documents an unofficial exchange rate or market rate of about 10 to 12 Iraqi dinars to a Kuwaiti dinar in July 1990 (see page 81, paragraph 513 of the Farah Report).

Emerging market countries are turning to an array of techniques to discourage capital inflows or sterilize their effect on the exchange rate.

As emerging market central banks leaned against heavy capital inflows in order to mitigate exchange rate appreciation, their currencies became less volatile.

The rate of participation in the labor market is about 65.7 amongst adults compared with about 82.5 in the general Israeli population.

What China needs is a more flexible exchange rate that can respond freely to market forces. Otherwise, China s central bank must focus on keeping the exchange rate stable and doesn t have a truly independent monetary policy.

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But the limit the swings policy may amplify intervention s effects by diminishing market participants desire to push the exchange rate away from PPP.

Indeed, China s savings rate of rose steadily following the onset of market reforms, from 38 of GDP in 1978 to 51 in 2007.

An interest rate rise might take the heat out of the mortgage market, but it will also chill the rest of the economy.

This is reminiscent of central banks futile efforts, back when fixed exchange rate regimes were common, to stabilize rates above their market equilibrium.

In Europe, the market for Greek debt has frozen, and interest rate spreads between Irish and German euro denominated debt recently reached alarming levels.

Then, beginning on November 30, 2011, the exchange rate approached the bottom of the trading band for seven days, causing panic in the market.

Suppose, further, that per capita nominal income at the market exchange rate in the second country is four times higher than in the first.

On Wicksell s definition the best, and, in fact, the only definition I know of the market interest rate was, if anything, above the natural interest rate in the early 2000 s the threat was deflation, not accelerating inflation.