This may be achieved directly or through a heat exchanger.

Many metal collectors are installed as part of a sealed heat exchanger system.

The tank has a built in heat exchanger to heat domestic cold water.

After being heated in the panels, the HTF travels to the heat exchanger, where its heat is transferred to the potable water.

At times of high demand for electricity, the liquid air is pumped at high pressure into a heat exchanger, which acts as a boiler.

The Mollier diagram (h s chart) of enthalpy of moist air versus its water vapor content ( h x diagram) is equivalent to the Psychrometrics Chart commonly used in the USA and Britain.

The enthalpy of sublimation, or heat of sublimation, is the heat required to sublime one mole of the substance at a given combination of temperature and pressure, usually standard temperature and pressure (STP).

However, instead of exhausting this air, the dryer uses a heat exchanger to cool the air and condense the water vapor into either a drain pipe or a collection tank.

The subsequent investigation found that the cause was ice released from the fuel system which accumulated on the fuel oil heat exchanger leading to a restriction of fuel flow to the engines.

Pumping typically starts at about 50 C and increases as the sun rises until equilibrium is reached, which depends on the efficiency of the heat exchanger, the temperature of the water being heated, and the total solar energy available.

The system is designed such that the bubbles are separated from the hot fluid and condensed at the highest point in the circuit, after which the fluid flows downward toward the heat exchanger caused by the difference in fluid levels.