Before World War II, venture capital investments (originally known as development capital ) were primarily the domain of wealthy individuals and families.

France integrated the economy of Cameroun with that of France and improved the infrastructure with capital investments, skilled workers, and continued forced labour.

Without this capital there is impossible the economical and social growth and building capitalism and democracy.

The decline has occurred because, relative to population growth, fixed capital investment, knowledge and skills, and improvements in institutions have not compensated for the degradation of natural capital.

By 2012, human capital s contribution to China s GDP growth fell almost to zero, with fixed capital accumulation accounting for roughly 60 of total growth.

Also driving China s high investment rate is the declining efficiency of investment capital, reflected in China s high incremental capital output ratio (annual investment divided by annual output growth).

As a result, its economic model spawned a labor saving, capital intensive growth dynamic.

Rapid output growth without equally rapid capital stock or employment growth must have reflected rapid productivity growth.

These factors considerably limit those countries' ability to attract foreign direct investment and other international private capital flows.

Initial capital

American officials countered that the financial inflows reflected Europe s underdeveloped capital markets.

As above, firm value is enhanced when, and if, the return on capital exceeds the cost of capital.

In China, green capital investment is expected to grow from 170 million in 2005 to more than 720 million in 2008. (In just a few short years, China has become a world leader in wind and solar power, employing more than a million people.)

Much needed capital investment can enable smallholder farmers to provide the private sector with a sustainable supply of high quality agricultural produce.

There has been a continued increase in the costly build up of precautionary reserves as a form of self insurance against volatility in international capital flows.

The Art of Capital Flight

Damming Capital

The Capital Flow Conundrum

Capital flows and remittances

E. Financial capital and resilience

The portion of capital inflows that is not re exported represents net capital inflows.

The Siren Song of Capital Controls

Investment and private flows

(o) Working Capital Fund

Brazil has been aggressive in terms of capital restrictions, twice increasing its tax on financial inflows.

There is thus also a need to foster day to day growth of the informal sector through entrepreneurship development, infrastructure development and provision of capital.

Given China s 43 billion trade surplus and 30 billion in foreign investments during this period, capital inflows must have been a contributing factor.

But most have suffered from the opposite syndrome excessive reliance on capital inflows, which, by spurring domestic credit and consumption, generate temporary growth.

So China is stuck in a currency creating cycle GDP growth encourages investment, which boosts demand for capital.

व श व क प ज क र ख फ र ट यर क ओर

Jacqueline Novogratz on patient capitalism

The reason lies in capital movements.

Finally, there is the path of public capital.

Surviving the Great Capital Flood

Raising capital is expensive.

The Temptation of China s Capital Account

List of tables

The saving rate is the lifeblood of any economy, because foreigners cannot be expected to finance capital investment forever.

This is why equity capital held by financial institutions typically is more than twice as expensive as debt capital and why these institutions try to minimize its use.

The outcome of these discussions will shape policies and investment aimed at spurring GDP growth, strengthening human capital, and promoting more inclusive prosperity.

Italy s new leaders must address this situation by decoupling labor s contribution to productivity growth from that of capital and total factor productivity.

Moreover, Li has called upon the banking sector to reinvigorate idle capital and allocate incremental capital more effectively.

It is appropriate to finance (some) long lived public capital investment by government borrowing, since the benefits will accrue for many years, and future taxpayers might equitably bear part of the burden.

Europe s Chimerical Capital Markets Union

Bank Regulation s Capital Mistake