Sodium hydroxide in an aqueous solution.

I'm going to add some NaOH.

Let's say sodium hydroxide.

So if I take some lithium hydroxide in an aqueous solution.

So the NaOH disassociates completely in an aqueous solution.

Because sure, when you put the sodium hydroxide there, it just ate up all of the hydrogens.

So if you think about what's happening, if I just threw this sodium hydroxide in water.

The sample requires 34.47 milliliters of 0.485 molar sodium hydroxide to reach the equivalence point.

So you all of a sudden immediately increase the quantity of OHs by essentially the number of moles of sodium hydroxide you're adding, and you'd immediately increase the pH, right?

The protective group can be removed by heating the compound in a solution of potassium hydroxide in propan 2 ol (a retro Favorskii reaction).

So if I just did NaOH in an aqueous solution so that's just throwing it in water that disassociates completely into the sodium cation and hydroxide anion.

But if you do it here if you apply the sodium hydroxide to this solution, the solution that contains a weak acid and it's conjugate base, the weak acid and its conjugate base, what happens?

And we know this is a strong base when you put it in a aqueous solultion, the sodium part just kind of disassociates, but the more important thing, you have all this OH in the solution, which wants to grab hydrogens away.

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Aqueous solution.

aqueous solution.

Lethal solution.

So for example, if you had 1 mole oh hydrogen molecules in your solution and you added 1 mole of sodium hydroxide to your solution, right when you do that, all this is going to react with all of that.

Sodium Chloride.

Sodium Pentothal.

It is an aqueous solution.

Product Sodium pyrophosphate

like sodium chloride.

If you have sodium...

or sodium Pentothal.

It's fitted with solid electrodes and an electrolyte that's a solution of salt and water.

It's in an aqueous solution.

Water is obviously an aqueous solution.

So the sodium concentration gradient, if there was no membrane here, sodium would want to go across this to kind of make up for all of the lost sodiums over here.

So this is sodium potassium pumps.

The sodium makes the door revolve.

So sodium I'll do sodium as a positive.

I'm going to draw sodium like this.

Sodium's going to be a circle.

And that's why it's called buffer.

Everything's in an aqueous solution.

It's still in an aqueous solution.

That's also in an aqueous solution.

And that's also in an aqueous solution.

An aqueous solution plus chloride.

Hydrogen chloride in an aqueous solution.

Everything's in an aqueous solution.

Chloral hydrate. Quick, but mild.