Banks capital adequacy ratios were set globally, and, once set, remained fixed.

Similarly, banks would have incentives to game capital adequacy requirements by manipulating how capital and assets are defined.

There seems to be little appetite for proposals to vary capital adequacy requirements counter cyclically.

It would like to see the internal capital market operate as much as possible.

Since high risk premiums on government bonds endanger the capital adequacy of banks, half a solution is not enough.

European banks, traditionally a major source of trade finance, have pulled back dramatically, owing to capital adequacy problems caused by sovereign debt capital losses and, in some cases, losses from real estate lending.

There seems to be little appetite for proposals to vary capital adequacy requirements counter cyclically. This would enable capital buffers to be created in good years, which could then be drawn down in bad years.

For instance, we know that the global capital adequacy requirements produced by the Basel Committee reflect overwhelmingly the influence of large banks.

The latter course risks the worst of all worlds all of the costs of capital controls and all of the domestic policy complications from volatile capital flows, but few of the potential benefits of foreign capital.

Indeed, ignorance about what is actually at risk makes debates about the right formula for capital buffers surreal. Moreover, the use of mechanistic rules to determine capital adequacy has also inadvertently encouraged systemic imprudence.

Moreover, the use of mechanistic rules to determine capital adequacy has also inadvertently encouraged systemic imprudence.

Initial capital

As above, firm value is enhanced when, and if, the return on capital exceeds the cost of capital.

The Art of Capital Flight

Damming Capital

The Capital Flow Conundrum

Capital flows and remittances

E. Financial capital and resilience

The portion of capital inflows that is not re exported represents net capital inflows.

In a growth mechanism where the external oil windfall component weakens, the internal component, which is dependent on higher productivity, technology and an adequate articulation between physical and human capital, would be best employed in offsetting the fall in oil rents.

The Siren Song of Capital Controls

Investment and private flows

(o) Working Capital Fund

Brazil has been aggressive in terms of capital restrictions, twice increasing its tax on financial inflows.

They cannot raise much more capital during the crisis, so, in order to restore capital adequacy, they stop making new loans and call in their outstanding loans, thereby throwing the entire economy if not the entire global economy into a tailspin.

Of course, some discussion of financial sector reform is taking place in a variety of forums, with a gradual consensus building around sliding or incremental capital adequacy rules.

Regarding the banking sector, stress tests have been applied since 2004, and a target capital adequacy ratio of 12 has been maintained since 2006.

Furthermore the US, the EU member states and the East Asian countries all regulated inward foreign investment and imposed capital controls.

व श व क प ज क र ख फ र ट यर क ओर

Jacqueline Novogratz on patient capitalism

The reason lies in capital movements.

Finally, there is the path of public capital.

Surviving the Great Capital Flood

Raising capital is expensive.

The Temptation of China s Capital Account

List of tables

Before World War II, venture capital investments (originally known as development capital ) were primarily the domain of wealthy individuals and families.

This is why equity capital held by financial institutions typically is more than twice as expensive as debt capital and why these institutions try to minimize its use.

Moreover, Li has called upon the banking sector to reinvigorate idle capital and allocate incremental capital more effectively.

Europe s Chimerical Capital Markets Union

Bank Regulation s Capital Mistake

Overexpenditure of small capitalization fees

Encouraging private capital flows and remittances

Advances from the Working Capital Fund

Political capital means the capital that will improve or enhance the NGOs status, possession or access in the existing political system.