Draft paragraph 3 (b) was not intended to confer legal validity on an electronic signature but simply to make it the functional equivalent of a handwritten signature.

We recognize that people have had many years of experience in evaluating how reliable a handwritten signature is, and therefore are able to easily judge what types of handwritten signatures are prudent to be relied upon.

Questions of proof of the making of the signature (which exist for both handwritten and electronic signatures) should not distort the law on the validity of signatures.

They were needed, inter alia, to assist States that were enacting new laws in determining what criteria an electronic signature had to fulfil in order to be equivalent to a handwritten signature and also to encourage the use of new technology.

He pointed out that the validity of a handwritten signature could also be determined by a court after the fact if it was challenged by one of the parties.

Sami's letter was handwritten.

The purpose of the draft convention was to indicate how a single set of rules of law should best be interpreted in the field of electronic communications and not to create a legal entity, an electronic signature, with a separate status from a handwritten signature.

It is noted that there is no such reliability requirement for the legal validity of handwritten signatures (or any of the other marks on paper that may constitute a signature at law).

The phrase A method is used to identify the party and to associate that party with the information contained in the electronic communication represents the minimum functional requirements of any signature, handwritten or electronic.

The earliest forms of newspaper were handwritten and now 'The Musalman' probably is the last handwritten newspaper in the world.

Signature Signature

According to draft paragraph 3 (a), the essence consisted in providing a means of identifying the signing party and of linking that party with the document signed, as in the case of a handwritten signature, for which no further standard of reliability was imposed.

I try to read the little I can make out of the handwritten text.

Urdu type setting was very difficult also, typeset work looked ugly in comparison to handwritten work.

Article 42 Signature

Article IV Signature

Final provision, signature

Opening for signature

Draft article 35 Signature

Definition of electronic signature

_______________________ Signature of person attesting

Signature thumbprint of applicant

Signature of authorising officer.

Treaty signature ratification event

It should be noted that under paragraph 3 of article 9, which originated from article 7, paragraph 1, of the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce, the mere signing of an electronic communication by means of a functional equivalent of a handwritten signature is not intended, in and of itself, to confer legal validity on the data message.

Profile does not match signature

Equal treatment of signature technologies

Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval, accession

Signature, ratification, acceptance or approval

Signature Myanmar (2 December 2005)

Signature Egypt (20 September 2005)

Signature Guatemala (20 September 2005)

Signature Portugal (21 September 2005)

Signature Senegal (21 September 2005)

Article 16 (period for signature)

Signature Belgium (24 October 2005)

SIGNATURE, RATIFICATION, ACCEPTANCE AND APPROVAL

Signature Cuba (9 December 2005)

Signature India (9 December 2005)

Signature, ratification, acceptance and approval

SIGNATURE, RATIFICATION, ACCEPTANCE AND APPROVAL

Signature Lebanon (23 September 2005)

Signature Ukraine (23 September 2005)

Signature Israel (29 November 2005)

It is not the form of the signature, but the proven link between the signature and the purported signor based on the context, that gives the signature its legal effect.