Also, for all the shoreline that has booms hundreds and hundreds of miles of shoreline all of the shoreline that has booms, there's adjacent shoreline that doesn't have any booms.

Shoreline resources Kuwait states that the damage to its shoreline resources resulted in a reduction in the quantity and quality of services provided by different shoreline habitats.

MODIFICATIONS TO SAUDI ARABIA'S SHORELINE PRESERVES

Modifications to Kuwait's shoreline preserve claim No. 5000460

Modifications to Saudi Arabia's shoreline preserves claim No. 5000463

Kuwait bases its estimate of recovery times for different shoreline areas on information regarding recovery rates of other oil contaminated shoreline areas, particularly in the United States, but with some adjustments.

Iraq notes that the estimated costs of the shoreline preserve were based on the original estimate for a combined shoreline preserve and marine reserve that was also intended to replace lost recreational opportunities.

Two of these projects are directly related to the losses to intertidal shoreline habitats.

In assessing the appropriate compensatory restoration project for damage to shoreline resources, Kuwait considered six alternatives.

The claim relates to damage to shoreline areas, wetlands, mangroves, intertidal and subtidal areas and coral reefs.

According to Kuwait, each shoreline habitat provides services to a unique set of organisms to varying degrees.

In order to determine the oil contamination remaining in the mudflats, Kuwait conducted a comprehensive shoreline survey.

These include an oiled shoreline survey, an oceanographic survey and a marine and coastal ecological risk survey.

Second claim unit Intertidal shoreline habitats Saudi Arabia seeks compensation in the amount of USD 5,369,894,855 for severe and persistent damage to a large area of its intertidal shoreline habitats resulting from the oil spills caused by Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait.

Kuwait proposes first, to undertake an enhanced raise and release programme for shrimp in order to deal with the damage to aquatic resources as a whole, including decreased shrimp landings, and second, to create a shoreline preserve to address the damage to shoreline resources.

As part of its claim for damage to shoreline resources, Kuwait also seeks monetary compensation for lost recreational opportunities.

Kuwait seeks an amount of USD 16,599,464 to establish a shoreline preserve as compensation for the loss of these services.

The Panel finds that there was damage to Kuwait's shoreline resources as a direct result of Iraq's invasion and occupation.

Iraq states that although, in theory, a shoreline preserve may be an appropriate form of compensatory restoration, Kuwait has not provided sufficient information either to justify the geographical extent of the proposed shoreline preserve or to demonstrate how such a preserve would compensate for the claimed loss of services.

Iraq further states that this part of the claim unit might duplicate some of the compensation claimed for the shoreline preserve.

Ships visiting the island remain at anchor some distance from the shoreline and visitors are ferried to the island in longboats.

According to Kuwait, approximately eleven million barrels of oil were released into Kuwaiti territorial waters, and habitat and shoreline surveys performed in the months following the invasion and occupation revealed shorelines covered in a thick coating of oil with the potential for widespread injury to marine life, shoreline habitat, and fisheries.

The Panel finds that there is evidence that there was extensive oil contamination and environmental damage of Saudi Arabia's shoreline in 1991.

Defensive barriers would not necessarily require heavy investment they could be mounds of sand several meters high located along and near the shoreline.

The eastern end of the bridge is on Chouteau Island, (part of Madison, Illinois), while the western end is on the Missouri shoreline.

The moshava as it then was continued to grow in 1934, when the first ship of illegal immigrants carried 350 to Netanya's shoreline.

According to Kuwait, the output from the models indicates oil contamination to 4.7 square kilometres of shoreline habitat, at varying degrees of severity.

The Panel finds that the damage to Saudi Arabia's intertidal shoreline habitats is a direct result of Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait.

While a preserve on Bubiyan Island could compensate for damage to Kuwait's shoreline resources, consideration should be given to other environmentally sensitive areas.

In subsequent amendments based on monitoring and assessment results, Kuwait separated the compensation requested for damage to aquatic biota from damage to shoreline resources.

On that basis, Kuwait states that the net present value of damage to its shoreline resources amounts to 1,402.6 discounted service hectare years ( DSHY ).

In the third F4 report, the Panel found that Saudi Arabia's estimate of the area of shoreline that is contaminated by oil was reasonable.

Almost 58 per cent of the coastal marine litter found could be attributed to shoreline and recreational activities, such as beach picnicking and general littering.

The Panel finds that a coastal preserve would provide appropriate compensation for the loss of shoreline resources resulting from Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait.

A preserve sited in shoreline habitats similar to those that have been damaged would provide ecological services similar in kind to those that were lost.

Since the third F4 report, Saudi Arabia has completed and submitted several monitoring and assessment studies that provide additional information on the extent of shoreline damage.

Iraq states that pre invasion baseline data are very limited and identifies several potential sources of impacts to shoreline resources unrelated to the invasion and occupation.

In any event, the Panel believes that the recommended shoreline preserves discussed in paragraphs 611 636 above will provide additional benefits to Saudi Arabia's wildlife resources.

The shoreline advanced by up to 2 kilometers between 2500 BC and 480 BC but still left several extremely narrow passages between the sea and the mountains.

Other Parties emphasized protection of coral reef and coastal zone ecosystems by the creation of protected areas, comprehensive waste management, and utilizing traditional technologies to promote shoreline stabilization.

On that basis, Kuwait estimates that a 140 hectare preserve on Bubiyan Island over 50 years would generate the necessary benefits to offset the damage to shoreline resources.

The captain, aware of the dangers of piracy in Somali waters, set a course that was at least 40 miles from the Somalia shoreline and well out of sight of land.

The total amount of compensation sought is USD 613,814,608, comprising USD 574,200,000 for damage to aquatic biota, USD 16,599,464 for damage to shoreline resources and USD 23,015,144 for lost recreational opportunities.

The Khiran Inlets are ecologically unique, as the only significant complex of tidal inlets in Kuwait and Sulaibikhat Bay has a highly productive shoreline that is ecologically important to many species.

We could drive it back to its ecological fundamentals to the hills, to the streams, to the basic hydrology and shoreline, to the beaches, the basic aspects that make the ecological landscape.