And we stand ready to provide additional support including under a new financing mechanism for countries hit by exogenous shocks to help those whom the global financial crisis has affected most severely.

Stronger regional governance structures may be the only effective means of reducing exogenous geopolitical risk.

Germany s Five Shocks

Most important, the projections of exogenous factors such as export and GDP growth rates often remain too optimistic.

So expect big shocks.

That might also help mitigate the impact of larger shocks and increase the net return potential during severe shocks (though it might also lower the return potential for more mild shocks).

Giving the latter group exogenous growth hormone is futile, because their immune systems react to the foreign protein by producing antibodies.

Also, very few islet transplant recipients have remained euglycemic without the use of any exogenous insulin beyond four years post transplant.

In 5 10 of cases, there are known environmental exposures and exogenous factors, such as prenatal exposure to tobacco, X rays, or certain medications.

Third, financial shocks will be worse than expected.

Adjustment, support to trade and trade related shocks

Moreover, energy and food price shocks can be both large and largely unpredictable, while the speed of price changes tends to increase with big shocks.

This makes economies significantly less vulnerable to external shocks.

China is thus far more vulnerable to external shocks.

And the lack of shock shocks me even more...

There are no great shocks but various declines and crises.

Some have collective shocks to the marginal utility of leisure.

Debt sustainability is also affected by vulnerability to external shocks.

Given that food and energy prices respond to monetary developments, and thus are not exogenous, the concept of core inflation obviously becomes problematic, to say the least.

By limiting the study population to children in the other two groups, for whom exogenous growth hormone stimulates normal growth, researchers achieved a 100 relative treatment difference.

Small island developing States are also vulnerable to exogenous environmental and economic events, such as the dramatic increase in fuel prices, which impede their opportunities for development.

Barring unexpected shocks, I believe that China s inflation may peak soon.

A sensible approach could be to hedge against intermediate level shocks.

Countries have accumulated large reserves in order to insure against shocks.

Undercover investigations have repeatedly shown animals being beaten and given electric shocks.

But it also includes physical resilience and the ability to withstand shocks.

External shocks brought about by climate change will directly affect advanced economies.

This elevated temperature heat shocks non fecal bacteria and suppresses their growth.

This external dependence increases their vulnerability to external economic threats and shocks.

All that Samuelson showed was that any exogenous change could harm a trading economy he did not argue that an appropriate response to that unfortunate situation was to abandon free trade.

They are also the most vulnerable to the shocks of the financial crisis.

In the future, climate change can be expected to cause more supply shocks.

European experience suggests that large scale systemic shocks call for greater financial support.

Four decades have passed since the oil price shocks of the 1970 s.

But the decreased flexibility in response to economic shocks will certainly test it.

Of course, the years since 1987 have not been without big macroeconomic shocks.

The SRM framework includes interventions that focus on managing risks before shocks occur.

They are facing the argument that the United States monetary union works much better because there is a large federal budget to smooth the impact of asymmetric shocks that is, shocks to individual states.

But, even if we accept that conclusion, we are left to wonder what caused large shocks to uncertainty and to liquidity financial risk in recent years, and how reliably such shocks can be predicted.

The goal is not to absorb shocks but to reduce income gaps across regions.

Indeed, many now apparently assume that their countries have become immune to future shocks.

The most immediate challenge is to safeguard the financial system s stability against external shocks.

Tax transfers should also act as an automatic stabilizer in the case of asymmetric shocks.

In the aftermath of the oil price shocks, energy security policy has had four components.

More often than not, however, the shocks have been ideological, with no basis in science.