Pursuant to the so called Mancino Act , discriminatory or racist attitudes underlying the commission of a crime were considered aggravating circumstances.

Ms. Singhateh (Gambia) said that the Labour Act contained no discriminatory provisions but was very old and needed to be reviewed.

Any unlawful act that is discriminatory is at variance with the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Tajikistan and entails liability.

This appeal did not refer to Act No. 80 77 and its discriminatory nature, which are the subject of the present complaint.

The National Commission on the Status of Women has undertaken an exercise to examine laws considered to be discriminatory towards women. It has already suggested amendments to the Pakistan Citizenship Act 1951 to change certain provisions discriminatory towards women.

Ms. Cinar (Turkey) said that the 2002 revision of both the Citizenship Act and article 66 of the Constitution had done away with discriminatory provisions.

The other way would be to go through each Act, identify any that are directly or indirectly discriminatory, and then to change these by new legislation.

Such arrangements were clearly discriminatory, since two people were involved in the sexual act and clients could easily infect women with sexually transmitted diseases or HIV AIDS.

Discriminatory governmental policies

Included in this Act for the first time are non discriminatory provisions based on disability and giving equal opportunity for children with disabilities to be included in the education system.

It notes that the High Court of Botswana, in a decision adopted on 23 November 2001, declared that the Chieftainship Act was discriminatory and ordered that its section 2 be amended in order to give equal protection and treatment to all tribes under that Act.

These laws are non discriminatory.

(d) Lastly, the Niger has adopted legislation on education policy (Act No. 98 12 of 1 June 1998), reaffirming the compulsory nature of primary education and non discriminatory access to education for all.

Yet national and international case law recognizes that a non discriminatory measure in theory can be discriminatory in practice.

Prohibition of arbitrary and discriminatory laws

1.1 Gender discriminatory provisions are removed

These articles are totally non discriminatory.

Furthermore, these laws contain discriminatory provisions.

9.5 The provisions of Chapter 3 of the Constitution were effected through the Citizenship Act (Cap 112) but this piece of legislation has been found to be discriminatory contrary to Article 1 of CEDAW.

A special measure could appear discriminatory and still be construed as non discriminatory if one of its purposes was to overcome discrimination.

In 1999, Japan s Equal Employment Opportunity Act was amended to provide equal employment opportunities for men and women by prohibiting discriminatory labor practices. But the legislation has had little impact on the workplace atmosphere for women.

They add that it was discriminatory for the State party not to ensure a verbatim record in criminal proceedings while so doing in civil proceedings, as acknowledged in Act No. 1 2000 of 7 January 2000.

A difference in treatment is not discriminatory in itself.

The new text excludes several discriminatory articles and sections.

The policy paper also suggests that support be given to the State Law Office to draft a Sexual Harassment Bill as currently the Labour Act makes no provisions for curbing discriminatory practices related to sexual harassment in the workplace.

Article 28 I(2) stipulates everyone is entitled to be free from discriminatory treatment on any basis and is entitled to be protected from discriminatory treatment .

The Committee reiterates its views that the Tribal Territories Act, the Chieftainship Act and sections 77 to 79 of the Constitution, as currently drafted, have a discriminatory effect, in particular against those ethnic groups which are subordinate to a dominant tribe on a Tribal Territory, and are not represented on an equal basis in the House of Chiefs.

The Committee recalls that the definition of racial discrimination in article 1 expressly extends beyond measures which are explicitly discriminatory to encompass measures that are not discriminatory at face value but are discriminatory in fact and effect, that is, if they amount to indirect discrimination.

The State party indicates that it is currently redrafting those aspects of section 2 of the Chieftainship Act which had been declared discriminatory by the High Court, and that the draft Bill on the House of Chiefs will be amended accordingly.

The obligation of prior registration of religious communities is discriminatory.

16.10 The age difference for boys and girls is discriminatory.

In the author's view, this difference in treatment is discriminatory.

The laws relating to these Commissions are also non discriminatory.

It also evoked the discriminatory concept of the virgin woman.

That opens the way for unilateral, discriminatory or coercive approaches.

(i) Enacting appropriate legislation on the subject of citizenship that provides rational, objective and non discriminatory criteria and ensuring its implementation in a transparent and non discriminatory manner.

Gender based obstacles and discriminatory practices have not been tackled systematically.

The process is generally held to be non discriminatory and transparent.

In addition, traditional chiefs engage in racist, xenophobic and discriminatory practices.

Law reform efforts to eliminate discriminatory laws and to revise laws that have a discriminatory impact also contribute to enhancing an enabling environment for gender equality and empowerment of women.

The protection of maternity in Estonia is guaranteed by the Employment Contracts Act, the Public Service Act, the Working and Rest Time Act, the Holidays Act, the Health Insurance Act, the Social Tax Act, the Child Benefits Act and the State Pension Insurance Act.

That discriminatory pattern can be found everywhere in Western Europe as well.

Laws prohibiting discriminatory speech in the press are as old as 1881.

Non discriminatory universal service obligations or various forms of vouchers are examples.

Discriminatory attitudes in relation to the carriers of the HIV are condemned.