B. Compensatory payments

3330 Compensatory elements

With regard to the claims for compensatory restoration in the fifth F4 instalment, the Panel reiterates its previous statements that remediation measures for damaged resources should focus on primary restoration, in terms of the restoration of ecological functioning.

Table 31.3 Resource requirements compensatory payments

In addition, the Panel considers that Kuwait has overstated remediation periods and post remediation recovery times in the affected areas.

Modifications to Jordan's compensatory programme for rangeland

MODIFICATIONS TO JORDAN'S COMPENSATORY PROGRAMME for Rangeland and Habitat Losses

In the view of the Panel, appropriate remediation activities should be commenced as soon as possible following approval by the Governing Council of any awards for remediation.

In this regard, the Panel considers that appropriate remediation activities should be commenced as soon as possible following approval of any remediation awards by the Governing Council.

Kuwait describes the steps taken in its application of HEA as follows quantification of the losses of the environmental damage to terrestrial resources determination of the size of the compensatory projects quantification of the gains from the compensatory projects and calculation of the cost of the compensatory projects.

Claim 5000468 is for expenses for remediation of damage to mudflats.

A specific compensatory policy is in place to assist ethnic minority students.

Accordingly, the Panel considers that compensatory restoration is appropriate in this case.

BP has already committed more than 20 billion in remediation and penalties.

In the fourth F4 report, the Panel recommended a modified remediation programme.

Jordan claims an amount of USD 24,835,400 for the remediation of its rangelands.

At common law, damages are categorized into compensatory (or actual) damages, and punitive damages.

These modifications and adjustments reduce the expenses of the compensatory project to USD 46,113,706.

In assessing the appropriate compensatory restoration project for damage to shoreline resources, Kuwait considered six alternatives.

Two years after the Fukushima disaster, Japan still faces many challenges in terms of regional remediation.

This claim is the deferred portion of claim No. 5000259 relating to remediation of coastal mudflats.

Adaptation measures will include protection and remediation measures that would ensure the future viability of the destination.

Remediation objectives In the third F4 report, the Panel stated that the appropriate objective of remediation is to restore the damaged environment or resource to the condition in which it would have been if Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait had not occurred.

However, the Panel considers that a number of modifications to the compensatory project proposed by Kuwait are necessary.

However, Iraq estimates that the total area that may require remediation is no more than 0.4 square kilometres.

According to Kuwait, remediation is required in four areas of mudflats located along the north shore of Kuwait Bay.

Iraq also contends that parallel causes of damage have extended the timeframe for natural remediation in the damaged areas.

According to Kuwait, those remediation projects are not intended to account for losses to natural resources flows during the time period between the injury to and the recovery of the resources to a baseline state, whether naturally or by virtue of the proposed remediation projects. Kuwait further states that, in quantifying its losses in ecological services, it has taken into account the impacts which remediation measures would have in mitigating the losses.

However, the time between the preceding and proceeding QRS waves stays the same as normal due to the compensatory pause.

There are various forms of treatment such as compensatory strategies with alternate modalities, verbal strategies, alternate cues and organizational strategies.

Forty eight Assembly seats are allocated as compensatory seats for minority groups that are unable to meet the electoral quota.

Compensatory measures must be implemented with utmost caution, taking due account of the need to avoid potential adverse environmental impacts.

Two decades of natural decay and remediation measures mean that most territories originally deemed contaminated no longer merit that label.

The total area identified as requiring remediation is approximately 53.4 square kilometres along the full width of the intertidal zone.

The compensatory restoration projects are aimed at providing equivalent ecological service gains either in the same area or at other locations.

Saudi Arabia proposes to establish 10 preserves with a total area of 4,654 square kilometres as compensatory restoration for the damage.

Iraq contends that there is no justification for the scope and scale of the compensatory restoration projects proposed by Saudi Arabia.

Commodity exporters in developing countries should be given market access and helped to develop risk management strategies and flexible compensatory schemes.

The Panel also considers future remediation of Kuwait's mudflats area under claim No 5000468 at paragraphs 476 490 of this report.

Saudi Arabia states that all the compensatory projects should be viewed holistically as measures to compensate for the damage to its resources.

Closely associated with the challenge of optimizing remediation is that of understanding how contaminants will behave as a result of natural processes.

The following comments, while not expansive provide an indication of how analysis can assist in reducing the size of the remediation problem.

It argues that compensation for damage to non commercial resources is limited to the costs of reasonable measures of remediation or restoration.

This claim was initially part of Syria's fourth F4 instalment claim No. 5000457 for remediation of damage to agricultural and forestry resources.

Saudi Arabia states that all the compensatory projects it has proposed should be viewed holistically as compensating for damage to all its resources.