3.2 Trends in the use of DDT for Disease Vector Control

Vector control for malaria and other mosquito borne diseases Report of a WHO Study Group.

Another major activity is the establishment of joint WHO UNEP information system to collate information from all available sources (WHO, UNEP, research institutions, countries, etc.) relevant to the production, use and management of DDT and its alternatives and policies in disease vector control.

Vector control programmes continue to face significant resource constraints, which tend to undermine the quality of interventions.

Review of the information collection process for the first evaluation of the continued need for DDT for disease vector control

Ongoing decentralization and the attendant administrative reforms have created significant challenges to effective implementation of vector control programs.

Of the responding countries, eight reported use of DDT for disease vector control for the reporting period (2001 2003).

The selection of malaria vector control interventions should be evidence based and appropriate to the local ecology and epidemiology of the vector borne disease.

The WHO position with respect to the use of DDT in activities aimed at disease vector control to interrupt disease transmission is as follows.

(e) Conduct of a meeting of experts to consider available information and provide a report to the Conference of the Parties on the continued need for DDT use in disease vector control

The efficacy of DDT and its alternatives is important information for deciding the actual need for DDT for disease vector control in any local area.

The other category refers to different vector control interventions that can be used either alone or in combination, to reduce or eliminate reliance on DDT.

However, such reforms can provide an opportunity to strengthen vector control at the district level and steer the programme to an IVM strategy.

Furthermore, the system will also be used to facilitate the reporting and the evaluation processes of the Stockholm Convention regarding the use and continued need for DDT in disease vector control.

In this regard, it is recommended that a well resourced mechanism for reporting and assessment on DDT use for disease vector control, be set up under the auspices of the Secretariat and WHO.

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) restricts the production and use of DDT to disease vector control in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations and guidelines.

The first step in reducing current reliance on DDT is to improve the capacity of local malaria vector control programmes to determine where and when DDT is needed and how much of it is needed.

Vector control strategies in unstable malaria areas should focus on interrupting transmission, and for which indoor residual spraying is a proven and effective intervention.

According to the DDT register, three countries have notified use of DDT in disease vector control and one country notified the intention to use DDT if necessary.

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Implication of vector resistance to insecticides

(iv) Collecting, compiling and generating data needed for the first meeting of the Conference of the Parties, including information necessary to review the continued need for DDT in disease vector control, evaluating the effectiveness of the Convention and

Oil tankers are only one source of oil spills.

1 It is expected that the second evaluation of the continued need for DDT in disease vector control will take place at the third meeting of the Conference of Parties in 2007 since no meeting is planned in 2008.

This was carried out with due consideration of document UNEP POPS INC.7 INF 21 regarding the guidance and information needed to assist the Conference of Parties in evaluating continued need for DDT for disease vector control.

Ensure long term investments are made to encourage the development of new alternatives and to facilitate their implementation in recognition of the current need of countries to continue the use of DDT in disease vector control.

Evaluation of the continued need for DDT for disease vector control

The appropriate role of residual insecticides for disease vector control

7.2 The use of DDT and alternatives for disease vector control

In considering the above options COP is reminded of documents INC7 4 and INC7 INF 21 regarding the guidance and information needed to assist the Conference of Parties in evaluating continued need for DDT for disease vector control.

In order to ensure that the use of DDT is restricted to disease vector control, there is a need to support countries still using DDT to urgently review and improve their management practices, especially the regulatory and enforcement mechanisms.

(d) Field testing of the draft format for country reporting on DDT and for evaluation of the continued need for DDT for disease vector control in cooperation with the World Health Organization (WHO), including conducting an expert consultation on the latter

Summary of current WHO Recommendations regarding DDT and disease vector control

DDT may therefore be used for vector control, provided that all the following conditions are met

Additional opportunities are provided by national and regional workshops meetings on vector control.

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After the Second World War, the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified.

The Expert Group reaffirmed the urgent need for countries to develop action plans to address this issue in order to ensure that DDT use is restricted to disease vector control, as spelt out in paragraph 5(a) of Part II of Annex B.

In addition, there is a need to strengthen the capacity of countries in gathering and managing relevant data, including the routine reporting activities of disease vector control programmes.

Countries (both Parties and non Parties) that produce and or use DDT or maintain stocks of DDT for disease vector control were requested to complete the questionnaire for the reporting period of 2001 2003 and to return it by 22 October 2004.

From other information available to the Secretariat and WHO, the group estimates that in total around 20 countries are still using DDT for disease vector control and five countries have indicated to WHO the likelihood to revert to it if necessary.

Such a machine has a set of states, and a set of state transitions which are affected by the input stream.

A public health regulatory and legislative framework Collaboration within the health sector and with other public and private sectors whose actions impact on vectors Empowerment and involvement of local communities and other stakeholders Methods based on knowledge of factors influencing local vector biology, disease transmission and morbidity Use of a range of interventions, often in combination and synergistically

The rapid response units have thus far been equipped with Volvo C303 cross country vehicles and Bandvagn 206 tracked carriers.

But some of the ticks are closely related to known carriers, and thus are potential carriers themselves.