3.2 Trends in the use of DDT for Disease Vector Control

Four Medium Rang Tankers 0.3 MM BBL Voyage.

Implication of vector resistance to insecticides

Oil tankers are only one source of oil spills.

Evaluation of the continued need for DDT for disease vector control

The appropriate role of residual insecticides for disease vector control

7.2 The use of DDT and alternatives for disease vector control

Vector control for malaria and other mosquito borne diseases Report of a WHO Study Group.

Summary of current WHO Recommendations regarding DDT and disease vector control

DDT may therefore be used for vector control, provided that all the following conditions are met

Additional opportunities are provided by national and regional workshops meetings on vector control.

They then hijacked two armored personnel carriers and sped toward the frontier with Israel.

After the Second World War, the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified.

Another major activity is the establishment of joint WHO UNEP information system to collate information from all available sources (WHO, UNEP, research institutions, countries, etc.) relevant to the production, use and management of DDT and its alternatives and policies in disease vector control.

Vector control programmes continue to face significant resource constraints, which tend to undermine the quality of interventions.

Such a machine has a set of states, and a set of state transitions which are affected by the input stream.

A public health regulatory and legislative framework Collaboration within the health sector and with other public and private sectors whose actions impact on vectors Empowerment and involvement of local communities and other stakeholders Methods based on knowledge of factors influencing local vector biology, disease transmission and morbidity Use of a range of interventions, often in combination and synergistically

The rapid response units have thus far been equipped with Volvo C303 cross country vehicles and Bandvagn 206 tracked carriers.

Review of the information collection process for the first evaluation of the continued need for DDT for disease vector control

Ongoing decentralization and the attendant administrative reforms have created significant challenges to effective implementation of vector control programs.

But some of the ticks are closely related to known carriers, and thus are potential carriers themselves.

Environmental management This consists of environmental modification, environmental manipulation and measures to reduce human vector contact.

WHO SSC meeting of experts for the preparation of a report to assist the Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention in its evaluation of the continued need for DDT in disease vector control

Insecticide resistance has been commonly recorded in many malaria vector populations throughout the world.

Of the responding countries, eight reported use of DDT for disease vector control for the reporting period (2001 2003).

Long lasting insecticide treatment technologies are also being used to produce specific insecticide treated materials for personal protection or vector control.

It carries a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oil fields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia.

For a majority of malaria endemic regions, the main group of alternative insecticides currently applied for indoor residual spraying are pyrethroids.

These include, among others, Insecticide treated nets (ITNs), larvicides, and vector source reduction through environmental management.

There is an immediate need to improve the capacity of national malaria vector control programmes to determine where and when DDT is needed and how much of it is needed.

The selection of malaria vector control interventions should be evidence based and appropriate to the local ecology and epidemiology of the vector borne disease.

The WHO position with respect to the use of DDT in activities aimed at disease vector control to interrupt disease transmission is as follows.

(e) Conduct of a meeting of experts to consider available information and provide a report to the Conference of the Parties on the continued need for DDT use in disease vector control

The efficacy of DDT and its alternatives is important information for deciding the actual need for DDT for disease vector control in any local area.

There is a need to establish or strengthen current resistance management practices to improve on the monitoring and timely detection of vector resistance and the implementation of preventive and remedial action.

The development of vector resistance to insecticide replacements for DDT, particularly pyrethroids, is a serious threat to the reduction of current reliance on DDT.

In such circumstances, there are only a handful of available alternatives, and for most of these, vector resistance problems are already reported.

The other category refers to different vector control interventions that can be used either alone or in combination, to reduce or eliminate reliance on DDT.

However, such reforms can provide an opportunity to strengthen vector control at the district level and steer the programme to an IVM strategy.

An electron spirals (gyrates) about a field line at an angle that is determined by its velocity vectors, parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the local geomagnetic field vector B.

Iran says its naval security forces have confiscated ten oil tankers smuggling 4,600 tons of Iranian fuel out of the Persian Gulf in 2008.

Furthermore, the system will also be used to facilitate the reporting and the evaluation processes of the Stockholm Convention regarding the use and continued need for DDT in disease vector control.

In this regard, it is recommended that a well resourced mechanism for reporting and assessment on DDT use for disease vector control, be set up under the auspices of the Secretariat and WHO.

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) restricts the production and use of DDT to disease vector control in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations and guidelines.

The first step in reducing current reliance on DDT is to improve the capacity of local malaria vector control programmes to determine where and when DDT is needed and how much of it is needed.