This is why capital account regulations are allowed under IMF rules, and why the attempt to introduce capital account convertibility into the IMF s Articles of Agreement was defeated in 1997.

Even the International Monetary Fund, long the embodiment of the Washington Consensus, has acknowledged that capital controls are a legitimate part of the toolkit to manage capital flows in certain circumstances.

Initial capital

As above, firm value is enhanced when, and if, the return on capital exceeds the cost of capital.

The IMF also prefers CFMs to be temporary.

The Art of Capital Flight

Damming Capital

The Capital Flow Conundrum

Capital flows and remittances

E. Financial capital and resilience

The portion of capital inflows that is not re exported represents net capital inflows.

The Siren Song of Capital Controls

Investment and private flows

(o) Working Capital Fund

In the recent IMF document, the Fund proposes a set of guidelines that countries should use for capital account regulations (which they call capital flow management measures, or CFMs).

Brazil has been aggressive in terms of capital restrictions, twice increasing its tax on financial inflows.

Even the International Monetary Fund now recognizes that capital controls may be useful, especially in times of crisis.

Earlier this year, the International Monetary Fund came out in favor of capital controls.

व श व क प ज क र ख फ र ट यर क ओर

Jacqueline Novogratz on patient capitalism

The reason lies in capital movements.

Finally, there is the path of public capital.

Surviving the Great Capital Flood

Raising capital is expensive.

The Temptation of China s Capital Account

List of tables

Before World War II, venture capital investments (originally known as development capital ) were primarily the domain of wealthy individuals and families.

This is why equity capital held by financial institutions typically is more than twice as expensive as debt capital and why these institutions try to minimize its use.

So, while the Fund lays out an integrated approach to capital flow liberalization, and specifies a detailed sequence of reforms, there is nothing remotely comparable on capital controls and how to render them more effective.

America s trade agreement with Chile, for example, impedes Chile s use of capital controls even though the International Monetary Fund now recognizes that capital controls can be an important instrument of macro prudential policy.

Moreover, Li has called upon the banking sector to reinvigorate idle capital and allocate incremental capital more effectively.

But poorer countries, for which international capital markets remain off limits, have no alternative but to rely on the World Bank and IMF.

India has been left to finance its external deficit increasingly through short term borrowing, the most capricious form of international capital.

Participant at a seminar on Capital Markets Development and Regulation at the International Law Institute (ILI), Washington, D.C., United States of America.

Europe s Chimerical Capital Markets Union

Bank Regulation s Capital Mistake

Overexpenditure of small capitalization fees

Encouraging private capital flows and remittances

Advances from the Working Capital Fund

Political capital means the capital that will improve or enhance the NGOs status, possession or access in the existing political system.

The IMF forecasts that the Hariri government should be able to tap capital markets to cover its financial needs for 2010.

Private capital, which accounts for more than 90 of capital flows to developing economies, will remain the dominant source of long term financing.

South African firms have used their relatively lower cost of capital to invest in other African countries where capital markets were not developed.

The ECB and the international community particularly the International Monetary Fund have tried to deal with the crisis by replacing the dearth of private capital with public credit.

Talent versus Capital in the Twenty First Century