When the East Bloc unraveled, India had to start paying for imports in hard cash.

The hawaladar in Somalia receives the money in hard currency, mostly United States dollars, and makes the relevant transfer to the corresponding foreign hawaladar office.

Local currency government debt markets have performed fairly well during the crisis, while local currency corporate debt markets have played a more modest role as a vehicle for longer term finance.

In principle, it is easy to avoid currency appreciation keep the foreign exchange earned from, say, oil exports out of the country.

The Non Problem of Chinese Currency Manipulation

The Currency Manipulation Charade

The Myth of Currency Manipulation

The Chimera of Currency Manipulation

How to Fight Currency Manipulation

3. Takes note of the updated list of hard currency duty stations for which the allowances are specified in local currency, as contained in annex VIII to the report of the Commission Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty fifth Session, Supplement No. 30 (A 55 30).

To be sure, Cuba might initially decide not to apply. Joining the IMF would give it access to information, advice, and hard currency loans but it would also require the government to divulge data on the Cuban economy.

Can Trade Agreements Stop Currency Manipulation?

Argentina s Bumpy Ride

Obama s Hardest Choices Lie Ahead

Hard Wisdom for Scarce Water

United States Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner has already accused China of currency manipulation.

National narratives are, indeed, a type of currency.

The Battle of the Bonds

Mayuko avoided doing hard work.

Bond lending involves diversified groups of bond holders, including domestic residents, and can be issued under different jurisdictions.

Bond offering

The new bonds, other than those governed by Argentine law, will include Collective Action Clauses (CACs).

Americans learned these lessons the hard way.

America s Bond Market Blues

Italy and Greece, in particular, face serious debt issues amid financial market concerns about the possibility of default or their leaving the euro zone.

The US Treasury has been charged by Congress to assess whether China is a currency manipulator.

This is the hard one, the one that isn t obvious. That s why I leave it to the end.

But building monuments to difficult problems is not a policy.

From him the gods have much help in all hard tasks.

A higher foreign currency LDR will mean tighter restrictions on long renminbi positions.

Argentina adopted the hardest peg, introducing a quasi currency board and fixing the exchange rate by law.

Indeed, not even the risk of receiving nothing ensures that bondholders will not revert to the old bonds.

For example, the Republic of Korea has undertaken measures to encourage the issuance of bonds by SMEs.10 One objective of the Asian bond market initiative11 is to increase bond financing options for smaller companies in Asia.

First, they could clarify the pari passu clause, specifying that it guaranteed comparable treatment for existing bondholders, not for existing bondholders and earlier bondholders whose claims were already extinguished.

Jamal always lies his way out.

New medical devices pose equally difficult dilemmas.

The team sometimes confers with the debian legal list in difficult cases.

In this challenging environment, administrative infrastructures have continued to function.

We fully support Iraq in this difficult mission.

Adding cocos to government bonds will require solving a host of technical problems.

Indeed, the interest rate on inflation protected bonds has now become 0.5 , even for a five year maturity!

The yen s rising value raises the yield on Japanese bonds relative to the yield on bonds denominated in other currencies.

Upon the issuance of the bonds, the United Nations would invest the bond proceeds in a project construction fund account to be invested over the period of construction.

It hardly makes sense for it to denominate oil prices in the currency of only one of its customers.

All organizations whose expenditures, like those of the secretariat, are predominantly incurred in local currency experience problems arising from exchange rate fluctuations.