Under this topic, the Commission is now focusing for the time being on codification of the law on transboundary groundwaters (aquifers and aquifer systems).

c. Assessing the impacts on groundwater and aquifers of industrial, agricultural, and other activities and

As groundwater should be recognized as a natural resource with economic and ecological value, groundwater strategies should aim at the sustainable use of groundwater and preservation of its quality.

In allocating groundwater resources, account should be taken of the amount of groundwater in reserve and of the rate of its replenishment.

(xii) Charter on Groundwater Management, 1989, adopted by the Economic Commission for Europe at its forty fourth session, Groundwater strategies

Protection measures aimed at prevention of groundwater pollution and overuse should be the basic tools for groundwater management.

Monitoring groundwater levels, pressures, and quality

Salinization and depletion of groundwater resources Jordan seeks compensation in the amount of USD 1,465,565,462 for the salinization and depletion of its groundwater resources.

Kuwait was awarded compensation to remediate the aquifers.

(viii) Section IV of the Charter on Groundwater Management, 1989, adopted by the Economic Commission for Europe at its forty fourth session, Groundwater allocation

(a) Their practice, bilateral or regional, relating to the allocation of groundwaters from transboundary aquifer systems and the management of non renewable transboundary aquifer systems relating to the topic currently entitled Shared natural resources

In order to comply with this Chapter, States shall take all appropriate steps to acquire the information necessary to manage groundwater and aquifers efficiently and effectively, including

Aquifer means a subsurface layer or layers of rock or other geological strata of sufficient porosity and permeability to allow either a significant flow of groundwater or the abstraction of significant quantities of groundwater.

b. Developing aquifer vulnerability maps

First claim unit Groundwater resources Jordan seeks compensation in the amount of USD 1,771,413,994 for this claim unit.

Groundwater means all water which is below the surface of the ground in the saturation zone and in direct contact with the ground or subsoil.

States, in accordance with the precautionary approach, shall take early action and develop long term plans to ensure the sustainable use of groundwater and of the aquifers in which the groundwater is contained.

ESCWA also focused on the sustainable management of shared groundwater resources, especially in the many countries where groundwater is the main source of water.

(7) the protection of surface and groundwaters against depletion and pollution

(k) Additional specific measures are taken to prevent the pollution of groundwaters

Fifth claim unit Monitoring of groundwater resources Iran seeks compensation in the amount of USD 1,056,000 for expenses of proposed measures to collect and analyse samples from springs, wells, qanats and rivers that have been damaged by contamination from the oil well fires in Kuwait.

Loss of groundwater due to microbiological contamination Jordan seeks compensation in the amount of USD 11,365,977 for the loss of use of groundwater resources in the Qairawan, Baqouriyeh, Shoreya'a, Hazzir and Wadi As Sir springs due to microbiological contamination as a result of the presence of refugees in Jordan following Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait.

Now the water table is falling at a dangerous pace, as the underground water is being pumped much faster than the rains are recharging it.

SahysMod is such a polygonal groundwater model permitting to assess the use of well water for irrigation, the effects on soil salinity and on depth of the water table.

More emphasis should be given to the nature conservation value provided by groundwater resources, in particular where nature protection areas are vulnerable to changes in groundwater conditions.

Groundwater abstraction activities or artificial groundwater recharge schemes where the annual volume of water to be abstracted or recharged amounts to 10 million cubic metres or more.

The Government's water sources are groundwater and surface water (Ugum River).

Third report on shared natural resources transboundary groundwaters

d. Any other measures appropriate to the circumstances of the aquifer.

It shares the Kalahari and Karoo aquifers with Namibia, Zimbabwe and South Africa.

There are no groundwater areas at the border between Finland and Sweden.

However, sustainable use of groundwater resources would require regulatory regimes to control aquifer depletion and protect water quality, for which monitoring and enforcement capacities would need to be developed or enhanced.

The great aquifers that supply water for irrigation are being depleted.

Saline aquifers have been used for storage of chemical waste in a few cases.

There have also been examples of interaction between magma and water in an aquifer.

Aquifer Natural water bearing geological formation found below the surface of the earth.

Groundwater protection planning should be incorporated into general environmental protection planning.

b. The injection of water that is polluted or would otherwise degrade an aquifer

This solution is not fully satisfactory because there is a threat of contaminating underground waters.

It also states that extraction from the aquifers had already almost ceased at the time of the invasion.

This Protocol has laid down foundations for cooperation and management of cross border aquifers.

Aquifer means a subsurface layer or layers of geological strata of sufficient porosity and permeability to allow either a flow of or the withdrawal of usable quantities of groundwater.

States shall take all appropriate measures to abate the effects of the pollution of aquifers.

Finland reported that there are no specific bilateral agreements on the management and use of transboundary aquifers, since the aquifers extending beyond the national border are not used for water supply.

Groundwater pollution is interrelated with the pollution of other environmental media (surface water, soils, atmosphere).