Overall, NTBs have almost replaced tariff barriers in manufacturing sectors.

NTBs are broadly classified into six chapters, from 3 to 8 (chapters 1 and 2 are reserved for tariff and para tariff measures respectively), according to the intent or immediate impact of the measures

For example, the Trade Map analysed present export markets and provided market specific information on, for instance, tariffs and non tariff barriers.

Scope, definition and classification of NTBs

NTBs and concerns of developing countries

Expert Meeting on Methodologies, Classifications, Quantification

Methodologies, Classifications, Quantification and Development Impacts of Non Tariff Barriers

In addition, economic analysis to complement frequency counts of NTBs should, in particular, focus on the trade restrictiveness and impact of NTBs, especially on developing countries' trade.

There is a wide range of NTBs.

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Some current trends in NTB utilization

Quantification of NTBs Some economic aspects

NTB surveys with the business communities

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It is now widely recognized that, in order to develop a more common database of NTBs, which could be utilized by all interested parties, a relevant classification system must be established reflecting today's empirical evidence.

Establishing methods for quantification of NTBs is cumbersome, time consuming and not very well studied.

For other developing and transition economies and developed countries, the figure was only 15 per cent.

They may increase the import cost in a fashion similar to tariff measures.

However, Kee, Nicita and Olarreaga do not include all NTBs.

Finally, subparagraph 31(iii) of the Doha Ministerial Declaration deals with the reduction or, as appropriate, elimination of tariff and non tariff barriers to environmental goods and services.

Table 2a Types of NTBs applied by region (1994)

Table 2b Types of NTBs applied by region (2004)

Tariff and non tariff barriers to imports and exports imposed on a (developing) country may also encourage its TNCs to invest in other countries as a means of obtaining or delivering goods.

These simple measures represent valuable information that could, if updated on a regular basis, help keep track of the evolution of the relative incidence of different types of NTBs and the incidence of NTBs relative to tariffs.

Their estimates are based on core NTBs (price and quantity control measures) and non core NTBs (according to UNCTAD's classification), namely technical regulations and monopolistic measures, as well as agricultural domestic support.

Item 3. Methodologies, classifications, quantification and development impacts of non tariff barriers (NTBs)

The continual decline of tariff rates as a result of eight multilateral trade negotiations has raised the relative importance of NTBs in terms of both protection and regulatory trade instruments.

An increasing number of developing countries have requested assistance, particularly in developing lists of EGs and identifying tariff and non tariff barriers affecting trade in these goods, as well as considering possible negotiating modalities.

In spite of the trend towards liberalization, however, the motivation to circumvent tariff and non tariff barriers to imports and exports is still present, especially in those host economies that remain relatively closed and regulated.

The NTB data incorporated in TRAINS indicate the existence of categories of NTBs classified according to the UNCTAD Coding System of Trade Control Measures (TCMCS) for particular products or groups of products.

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The definitional elements of the Protocol are essential for drawing the line between smuggling of migrants and trafficking in persons.

measures 21

We, like everyone here, have expressed the hope and determination that the Doha round to be held in December in Hong Kong will be a success, particularly with respect to the removal of trade distorting agricultural subsidies and tariff and non tariff barriers.

With the reduction in tariffs, non tariff barriers are increasingly becoming front stage market access concerns.

Quantification of NTBs is needed in order to address issues related to their use and impact.

Missing information can thus introduce a downward bias on estimates of the trade impact of NTBs.

8 The Swiss formula produces steeper cuts on higher tariffs and leads to harmonization of tariff structures across the board.

All approaches based on this model attempt to measure NTBs' quantity impact either by associating it with residuals obtained in the estimated regressions or by including dummy variables for each sort of NTBs informed.

NTB specific methods use direct information on NTBs to define their possible impact.

Price comparison measures can provide direct measures of price impacts of NTBs.

However, serious conceptual and data problems are likely to arise in the estimation and interpretation of tariff equivalents.

In 2002, 40 per cent of LDC exports were subject to NTBs.

Accordingly, the expert meeting will consider and analyse issues of relevance to NTBs from this perspective

However, NTBs are encountered not only in developed country markets but also in developing countries.