It lists already 1,000 entities that are offering debt and equity for social enterprise.

C5 claims are for losses relating to bank accounts and stocks or securities.

According to Morgan Stanley, SWF s are expected to manage 12 trillion by 2015, up from about 2.5 trillion today.

It is ultimately funded through retail bank deposits, banks wealth management products, and private equity.

As far as equity based compensation is concerned, executives should not be allowed to cash out options and shares given to them for a period of, say, five years after the time of vesting that is, the point at which the options and shares have been earned and may not be taken away from the executive.

Currency and stock markets in India and Indonesia are plunging, with collateral damage evident in Brazil, South Africa, and Turkey.

One form of that diversification is to buy foreign bonds and stocks, driving up the value of those currencies.

All of this is, of course, good news for those who own assets like long term bonds, stocks, and real estate.

When the Fed flinched at its mid September policy meeting, they enjoyed a sigh of relief rally in their currencies and equity markets.

2. thanks to securitization, private equity, hedge funds, and over the counter trading, financial markets have become less transparent.

And, because people trade bonds for commodities, cash, and stocks, the prices of government debt are the rate of inflation, the nominal interest rate, and the level of the stock market.

Andrew Mellon, the United States Treasury Secretary at the time, talked about liquidating workers, farmers, stocks, and real estate in order to purge the rottenness out of the system.

When there is no excess demand for cash, there will be no excess supply of the bonds and stocks that underpin and finance the economy s productive capital.

I finished reading Otsuichi's book Summer, Fireworks, and My Dead Body , a book I finally found in Book Off, on the train ride home.

The City of London, lower Manhattan, and a few other centers became money machines that made investment bankers, hedge fund managers, and private equity folk immoderately wealthy.

An executive s inability to cash out shares and options for a substantial period would tie his or her payoff to long term shareholder value.

For now, policymakers in countries with frothy credit, equity, and housing markets have avoided raising policy rates, given slow economic growth. But it is still too early to tell whether the macro pru policies on which they are relying will ensure financial stability.

Moreover, while the Fed s actions have helped the owners of bonds and stocks, it is not clear that they have stimulated real economic activity.

For instance, in the area of finance, mobilization of domestic resources, as well as their efficient utilization, can be promoted through an effective system of financial intermediation, and proper debt and equity markets, as well as a well functioning insurance sector.

I don't know anything about the world of business, real estate, contracting and constructions, restaurants and other economic activities and for this reason, I wasn't able to distinguish between the candidates whom we see on every junction, tree, light post and billboard.

As the recession deepens, however, bank balance sheets will be hammered further by a wave of defaults in commercial real estate, credit cards, private equity, and hedge funds.

And it wasn't until the mid 20th century when we actually started selling virtual products things that didn't quite exist physically like insurance, stocks and bonds, enterprise softwares, shrinkwrap software start to be distributed through physical channels but they didn't exist in the real world.

These countries have found themselves on the receiving end not only of a correction in commodity prices and equities, but also of a brutal re pricing of currencies and both local and foreign currency fixed income assets.

By contrast, prohibiting executives from cashing out shares and options until they leave the firm would provide executives who have accumulated shares and options with a large monetary value with counter productive incentives to depart.

A decade of historically low interest rates has led to economic imbalances in favor of sectors that are highly leveraged the financial sector, the housing market, and private equity.

The historical performance of hedge funds and private equities is generally higher than that of publicly traded equities, and lower correlation with other asset classes provides opportunities for risk reduction

The ensuing bubble in Japanese housing and equity prices inflated and burst not because Japan succumbed to US pressure to allow the yen to appreciate, but because Japan, in the end, resisted that pressure.

And, given the rising risk of a global systemic financial meltdown, the prospect of a decade long L shaped recession like the one experienced by Japan after the collapse of its real estate and equity bubble cannot be ruled out.

Thus, rather than tying executive pay to a specified percentage of the value of the bank s common shares, compensation could be tied to a specified percentage of the aggregate value of the bank s common shares, preferred shares, and all the outstanding bonds issued by the bank.

Nevertheless, private equity continues to be a large and active asset class and the private equity firms, with hundreds of billions of dollars of committed capital from investors are looking to deploy capital in new and different transactions.

(a) A significant number of large pension funds have investments in the following additional asset classes inflation protected securities, high yield bonds and alternative investments (e.g., hedge funds, commodities, forestry and private equities).

Yes, financial markets in troubled countries for example, Russia s currency, equity, and bond markets have been negatively affected. But the more generalized contagion to global financial markets that geopolitical tensions typically engender has failed to materialize.

Aside from its implications for different national systems, the future shape of banking is critical to the broader financial system, including venture capital, private equity, and hedge funds.

No one now denies that the past year s sharp downswings in housing and equity prices, which followed long upswings far above historical benchmark levels helped to trigger and fuel the crisis.

Near zero policy rates encourage carry trades debt financed investment in higher yielding risky assets such as longer term government and private bonds, equities, commodities and currencies of countries with high interest rates.

Anat Admati, a professor at Stanford s Graduate School of Business, focuses on bank capital specifically, the incentives that banks have to fund their activities with very high leverage little equity and a great deal of debt.

The sobering truth is that the current world economic crisis was substantially caused by the collapse of speculative bubbles in real estate (and stock) markets bubbles that were made possible by widespread misunderstandings of the factors influencing prices.

It is a question that I am repeatedly asked at seminars and conferences. After all, participants in the housing and equity markets set prices with a view to prices in the bond market, so contagion from one long term market to another seems like a real possibility.

Thus, many emerging markets growth rates in the next decade may be lower than in the last as may the outsize returns that investors realized from these economies financial assets (currencies, equities, bonds, and commodities).

The Fed is unlikely to be able to reduce long term rates any further. Their level is now so low that many investors rightly fear that we are looking at a bubble in bond and stock prices.

If people are risk averse enough that increased fear of the future causes them to save more, rising global uncertainty will raise bond and stock prices, and lower interest rates and dividend and earnings yields.

Labor unions should negotiate with management about providing appropriate risk management to their employees in financial forms the right kinds of insurance, options, and other investments to protect them realistically without guaranteeing their employment and without jeopardizing the productivity of the firm.

This explains the large gaps between current prices for real estate in the US, equities in New York, London, and Frankfurt, and long term bonds everywhere and what one would conventionally think their fundamental values should be.

In such a case, firms could still remain free to choose the number of shares and options awarded to any given manager, as well as to adjust somewhat the length of the post vesting period during which cashing out would be precluded.

Of course, curbing future debt accumulation is also vital to China s long term prosperity. That is why China must reduce local governments dependence on banks to meet their financing needs, by nurturing bond and equity markets.