The most important manganese ore is pyrolusite (MnO2).

Several oxides of manganese, for example manganese dioxide, are abundant in nature, and owing to their color, these oxides have been used as pigments since the Stone Age.

The brown color of ceramic is sometimes based on manganese compounds.

Compared to 1953, levels of manganese in air have dropped.

Before year 2000, more than 1.6 million tonnes have been used of those alloys with a content of 1 manganese, this amount would need 16,000 tonnes of manganese.

Secondly, it was noted that whereas the add on manganese plant in the Australian study had a negative effect on the profitability of the whole project, in the French study, manganese contributed substantially to the project apos s profitability.

The Board had also included manganese dioxide in the list of controlled chemicals.

In biology, manganese(II) ions function as cofactors for a large variety of enzymes with many functions.

Color ranges from yellow to dark brown or black, the latter being due to the presence of manganese.

The oxidation state 5 can be obtained if manganese dioxide is dissolved in molten sodium nitrite.

The primary reason for the positive DCFROR was the higher recovery of manganese, using pyrometallurgical processing.

Because of the use in glassmaking, manganese dioxide was available to alchemists, the first chemists, and was used for experiments.

In 2005, a study suggested a possible link between manganese inhalation and central nervous system toxicity in rats.

Carbon steel contains 2.0 carbon or less, with small amounts of manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and silicon.

These compounds consist of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and so on.

List of producing countries This is a list of countries by manganese in 2006, mostly based on British Geological Survey accessed in June 2008.

Manganese(II) chloride describes a series of compounds with the formula MnCl2(H2O)x, where the value of x can be 0, 2, or 4.

Johan Gottlieb Gahn was the first to isolate an impure sample of manganese metal in 1774, by reducing the dioxide with carbon.

With the exception of available manganese iron ratio data, the contractors did not agree to authorize the Authority to make use of nodule abundance and metal content data from their contract areas.

The hydrate is unusual in that it forms two different structures (both based on Mn(H2O)2F4 ), which have space groups P21 c and P21 a.

It should also keep in view the trends and developments with regard to polymetallic sulphides, cobalt rich crusts and any other seabed minerals whose occurrence is known.

13. Accordingly, a paper entitled quot Manganese nodule industrial venture would be profitable Summary of a four year study in France quot attracted a great deal of attention of the Group.

In fact, for several of the metals, such as manganese, iron, copper, zinc and tungsten, average prices in January June 1994 were still below 1993 levels.

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon containing less than 2 per cent of carbon and 1 per cent of manganese (and small amounts of silicon, phosphorous, sulphur and oxygen).

About 80 of the known world manganese resources are found in South Africa other important manganese deposits are in Ukraine, Australia, India, China, Gabon and Brazil.

It accounts for 82 per cent of manganese ore reserves, 69 per cent of platinum group metals and 56 per cent of chrome ore, along with other major reserves. 110

According to some estimates, Kazakhstan has the second largest uranium, chromium, lead, and zinc reserves, the third largest manganese reserves, the fifth largest copper reserves, and ranks in the top ten for coal, iron, and gold.

Eighteen radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 53Mn with a half life of 3.7 million years, 54Mn with a half life of 312.3 days, and 52Mn with a half life of 5.591 days.

Alloyed steels, which are sometimes also called special steels and may be considered specialty products, contain small portions of alloying elements such as chromium, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, silicon, tungsten or vanadium.