The Federal Reserve Board is no longer the lender of last resort, but the lender of first resort.

If the right to a remedy was not respected in practice, an international mechanism became the remedy of first, rather than last, resort.

Traditionally, central banks have been the lenders of last resort, but now they are becoming the lenders of first and only resort.

The Last Resource Frontier

Legislation or regulation aimed at restoring faith in the political class should be a last, not a first, resort.

And what of the Constitution, That bully of last resort?

This is the doctrine of lender of last resort.

No Safe Havens for Dirty Money

Our current situation requires not a lender of last resort, but a spender of last resort, and that can only be governments.

The United States had become the world s consumer of last resort.

The central bank is the lender of last resort.

They should be considered treatments of last resort.

Only the retail subsidiaries would be permitted to rely on the central bank for lender of last resort support.

But the safe haven status of US government securities is an illusion.

In particular, they did not see the Fed as a lender of last resort.

Nigeria s role in providing a safe haven for Taylor is peculiar.

Refugee status is a humanitarian shelter.

For Afghans, the simple home is a sanctuary. The real problems begin outside it.

Indeed, China now looks like it can play the role of growth anchor.

To many Jews, it is the one state that will always offer refuge.

But it does not have automatic access to a European lender of last resort.

It was not just Europe that benefited from China s willingness to take on the mantle of lender of last resort.

Our only hope of getting out of this prison is that another country decides to provide safe haven to men like us men who did nothing wrong and never should have been detained here in the first place.

Meanwhile, emerging Asian economies particularly China together with Japan, Germany, and a few other countries have been the producers of first and last resort, spending less than their income and running current account surpluses.

Al Qaeda lost its base in Afghanistan when the Taliban government that had provided it sanctuary was ousted from power.

Paragraph 2 of the Resolution also requires States to prevent the movement of terrorists and the establishment of safe havens.

The Chinese even began developing a port on the Burmese coast, far closer to Calcutta than to Canton. And the generals began providing safe havens and arms to a motley assortment of anti Indian rebel movements that would wreak havoc in India s northeastern states and retreat to sanctuaries in the newly renamed Myanmar.

What recourse do creditor countries have if the debtor countries become the majority and decide to increase spending?

Only central banks typically lenders of last resort lean against the hurricane strength winds.

Indeed, America s current account position strengthened despite the dollar s appreciation in the face of safe haven demand.

By not closing down such tax havens, we actively encourage corrupt elites in these countries to continue cheating their populations.

But if the ECB takes over entirely the role of lender of last resort, it will ultimately become insolvent itself.

Because emerging economies have relatively weak asset markets, their citizens seek safe haven in advanced country government bonds.

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Some form of mutualization of public debt, carried out under stringent rules.

More than half of the Southern countries' debts are in the form of private capital deposited in tax havens controlled by the banks of the North.

Later, Maurice Obstfeld pointed out that, in addition to fiscal transfers, a currency union needs clearly defined rules for the lender of last resort.

The idea is that the US government would serve as buyer of last resort for the junk debt that the private sector has not been able to price.

Once again, we see that the real terrorist sanctuaries are located not along Pakistan s borders with Afghanistan and India, but in the Pakistani heartland.

Some sheltered Jews despite their own prejudices simply because they saw it as their religious duty to do so.

The idea is that the US government will serve as buyer of last resort for the junk debt that the private sector has not been able to price.

Neighboring Turkey was probably the first outside country to support the rebellion on the ground, giving sanctuary to rebel forces along its border with Syria.

The Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), (based in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago), is the court of last resort (final jurisdiction) over Barbadian law.

Obstfeld had in mind a bailout mechanism for banks, but it is now abundantly clear that one also needs a lender of last resort and a bankruptcy mechanism for states and municipalities.

Rather, the desire to protect US credibility has become the last refuge of those seeking yet another war in the wider Middle East.