People often take pride in their cities, and seek to nourish their distinctive civic cultures.

At first sight, they could include volcanoes, earthquakes, tidal waves and rising sea levels.

The tsunami in December 2004 exposed the vulnerability to tidal waves.

In 1992, for example, evaluations were carried out in Nicaragua after the eruption of the Cerro Negro volcano and in the aftermath of the tsunami in September.

It was suggested that targets in sub Saharan Africa should be met without decreasing the emphasis on countries affected by the Indian Ocean tsunami.

The Panel also notes that these preserves would provide benefits to wildlife as well as offer compensation for the damage to subtidal habitats referred to in paragraphs 637 649 below.

Based on the results of this survey, Saudi Arabia states that impacts of the 1991 oil spills persist in near shore subtidal benthic environments.

According to Iraq, without any strong evidence of ecological loss in these habitats, there does not appear to be any basis for the claim in respect of the subtidal areas.

These results, coupled with the field observations suggest that the oil had little effect on the subtidal seagrasses of the northern part of the ROPME sea area.

20. Island developing countries, particularly small and remote ones, are, by their geographical location, prone to natural disasters such as earthquakes, tidal waves tsunamis storm surges, cyclones and hurricanes.

Recognizing the efforts of the international community and the Government of Nicaragua to provide relief and emergency assistance to persons affected by the aftermath of the war, the floods, the volcanic eruption, the tidal wave and the recent hurricane,

The claim unit reviewed in this report is for compensation for the loss incurred as a result of the damage to subtidal habitats until they recover to pre invasion conditions.

In the view of the Panel, two shoreline preserves with a total area of 46.3 square kilometres and operated for a 30 year period, would sufficiently compensate for Saudi Arabia's losses in ecological services in its intertidal shorelines.

He complains that no chemistry report (relating to the blood stains or fingerprints on the knife) was produced in court, nor was the gun produced with which the investigating officer allegedly threatened and forced him to sign the statement.

11. The subtidal sediments in the near offshore areas of the ROPME sea area, from Kuwait to Qatar, were found to contain relatively low and uniform concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.

Indeed, the 26 December tragedy has highlighted once again the need to create a worldwide warning and prevention system covering not only tsunamis, but also all other destructive phenomena, such as the effects of rising sea levels caused by global warming, tidal waves and hurricanes.

So my premise here is that nuclear energy puts out more carbon dioxide, puts out more air pollutants, enhances mortality more and takes longer to put up than real renewable energy systems, namely wind, solar, geothermal power, hydro tidal wave power.

Saudi Arabia has not considered damage to sea grass areas in assessing the extent of the damage, and claim elements relating to these have not been included in the proposed compensatory project costs. Saudi Arabia has also not included damage to offshore subtidal areas.

In this submission, Saudi Arabia states that, in addition to the approximately 39 square kilometres of near shore subtidal benthos that was identified in its fourth F4 instalment claim as having oil contaminated sediments, a further unspecified area of sea grass benthos was also impacted by oil.