This, however, is not a repeatable observation, as it was a one time chance alignment.

An Einstein Ring is a special case of gravitational lensing, caused by the exact alignment of the source, lens, and observer.

This style combines the advantages of Allman by keeping the vertical alignment of the braces for readability and easy identification of blocks, with the saving of a line of the K R style.

Once this fine alignment is completed, the shot is exposed by light from the stepper's illumination system that passes through the reticle, through a reduction lens, and on to the surface of the wafer.

About half a dozen of them are partial Einstein rings with diameters up to an arcsecond, although as either the mass distribution of the lenses is not perfectly axially symmetrical, or the source, lens, and observer are not perfectly aligned, we have yet to see a perfect Einstein ring.