Arctic sea ice cover reached its lowest recorded average level for the month of June ever.

In September, the sea ice cover on the Arctic Ocean melted all the way back to the record low level recorded in September 2007.

that ice sheet became very dynamic and was very easily melted.

Greenland remains. Twenty eight years ago, this is what the polar ice cap the North Polar ice cap looked like at the end of the summer, at the fall equinox.

In the last three decades, its volume has shrunk by roughly three quarters.

For instance, as the Arctic ice cap melts, less sunlight is reflected.

This year, we reached the same low level without exceptional wind conditions. It is now clear that we are not just seeing a steady decline of sea ice cover, but a rapidly accelerating decline.

A polynya is an area of open water surrounded by sea ice.

I thought I would start with the logo. What's missing here, of course, is the North Polar ice cap.

Walt Meier of the United States National Snow and Ice Data Center describes today s ice cap as crushed ice.

In 2009 Brazil made its first national scientific expedition to the Antarctic ice sheet.

Indeed, a part of the observed warming is due to less reflection, as snow and ice cover has shrunk.

If its ice sheet melted completely, sea levels would rise by seven meters meaning that we cannot afford to lose even a small fraction of the ice sheet.

But few saw, for instance, the Artic ice cap melting as rapidly as now seems to be the case.

The bay is not navigable most of the year because of the ice cover and high density of floating ice and icebergs in the open areas.

Indeed, the ice cap s area has decreased by half since the 1980 s, when summer sea ice still extended over roughly seven million square kilometers, as opposed to less than four million today.

The North Polar ice cap is the same size geographically doesn't look quite the same size but it is exactly the same size as the United States, minus an area roughly equal to the state of Arizona.

The role of snow cover in modulating the monsoon is just one example of a short term cryosphere climate feedback involving the land surface and the atmosphere.

Meanwhile, satellite data show that Antarctica s ice sheet, which is ten times larger than Greenland s, is losing ice as well.

Some companies even seem to celebrate the melting of the polar ice cap, because it will reduce the cost of extracting the oil that lies beneath the Arctic Ocean.

In research funded by the European Union, they studied what the global economic impact would be if global warming were to result in a collapse of the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet.

The US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) uses satellite data to provide a daily record of Arctic sea ice cover and the rate of melting compared to an average period and specific past years.

In spring, the thin or absent ice cover allows light in, through the surface layer as soon as the winter night ends, which triggers the early blooming of microalgae that are at the basis of the marine food chain.

The Tibetan plateau s vast glaciers, huge underground springs and high altitude make Tibet the world s largest freshwater repository after the polar icecaps.

At 4.4 million square kilometers, it was the smallest ice cover since satellite observations began 40 years ago, with 40 less ice than in the 1970 s and 1980 s.

Tom unfolded the blanket.

C. Vegetation

But here's the key thing you know, the other thing we found out is that the ice sheet passed a threshold, that the planet warmed up enough and the number's about one degree to one and a half degrees Centigrade the planet warmed up enough that it became ...

If the ice cover simultaneously shrinks and gets thinner, then the shrinkage in area is first steady but then accelerates towards the end, when the remaining ice becomes ever thinner and more vulnerable to melting. This is what I fear is happening now.

Possible analogies of such an evolution mechanism and pre glacial lakes are thick water lenses under a 3 4 kilometer thick unit of the glacier cover at the sites of Dome B and Dome Charlie and the Vostok Station in Eastern Antarctica.

It's just the tip of the iceberg.

C. Vegetation 7 10 5

The cherubim shall spread out their wings upward, covering the mercy seat with their wings, with their faces toward one another. The faces of the cherubim shall be toward the mercy seat.

The cherubim spread out their wings on high, covering the mercy seat with their wings, with their faces toward one another. The faces of the cherubim were toward the mercy seat.

He shall take some of the blood of the bull, and sprinkle it with his finger on the mercy seat on the east and before the mercy seat he shall sprinkle some of the blood with his finger seven times.

And the cherubims shall stretch forth their wings on high, covering the mercy seat with their wings, and their faces shall look one to another toward the mercy seat shall the faces of the cherubims be.

And the cherubims spread out their wings on high, and covered with their wings over the mercy seat, with their faces one to another even to the mercy seatward were the faces of the cherubims.

And he shall take of the blood of the bullock, and sprinkle it with his finger upon the mercy seat eastward and before the mercy seat shall he sprinkle of the blood with his finger seven times.

Chaos provides a cover for crackdowns.

He unmasked us, and started with Adnan and Ahmed.

Discussion Panel B Marine debris

Second plenary session

Maritime Security

Marine debris

Analysis of the entire maritime transport chain (international commercial shipping as well as port facilities).