Though slightly more expensive than traditional steel or aluminium alternatives, these titanium products can be significantly lighter without compromising strength.

Rutile is a mineral composed primarily of titanium dioxide, TiO2.

Occurrence Titanium is always bonded to other elements in nature.

Total reserves of titanium are estimated to exceed 600 million tonnes.

Titanium metal was not used outside the laboratory until 1932 when William Justin Kroll proved that it could be produced by reducing titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) with calcium.

The titanium's several thousand dollars, but the forms are very cheap.

Source International Iron and Steel Institute.

The isotopes of titanium range in atomic weight from 39.99 u (40Ti) to 57.966 u (58Ti).

Titanium has occasionally been used in architectural applications the 40 m (131 foot) memorial to Yuri Gagarin, the first man to travel in space, in Moscow (), is made of titanium for the metal's attractive color and association with rocketry.

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Wootz steel which is also known as Damascus steel was a unique and highly prized steel developed on the Indian subcontinent as early as the 5th century BC.

It is often used when large quantities of steel are needed, for example as structural steel.

I had lots of titanium put in me, cadaver bones to try to get my feet moving the right way.

The solid product formed is HgSe.

As part of this process, Boeing redesigned some parts and made more use of lighter titanium.

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Carbon steel contains 2.0 carbon or less, with small amounts of manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and silicon.

Alloyed steels account for a relatively small portion of all finished steel products, and their production and use are concentrated in developed countries and China.

A great' year is a year of premium prices (higher than the US price) for steel in the world steel export market.

Pure titanium dioxide has a very high index of refraction and an optical dispersion higher than diamond.

When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891.

The iron can take the form Fe2 or Fe3 , while titanium generally takes the form Ti4 .

An increase in the stock price of steel manufacturers suggests an increase in the demand for steel, which induces entrepreneurs to start more steel plants and investors to provide them with the money.

Perhaps the most important polymorphic form of steel is martensite, a metastable phase that is significantly stronger than other steel phases.

Certain grades of steel are sensitive to the 78 nitrogen which was part of the air blast passing through the steel.

So, it's tens of millions of calculations just to design one connection between a piece of structural steel and another piece of structural steel.

Of course, the effects spread through the economy as demand for cars falls, demand for steel also falls, and steel workers are laid off.

Tenaris Siderca (steel) is one of the successful Argentine companies investing abroad and is developing a global production network for seamless steel pipes.

It makes up about 8 by weight of the Earth's solid surface.

The global steel market has historically been marked by cyclical fluctuations.

Note Production refers to crude steel, consumption to finished steel products.

Thin flat products find end use applications in automotive body panels, domestic white goods products, tin cans and a range of other everyday products containing steel.

Titanium has the inherent ability to osseointegrate, enabling use in dental implants that can last for over 30 years.

The ACINOX Iron and Steel Industrial Group, which imports and exports products relating to the iron and steel industry and electric conductors, loses some 12 million a year as a result of the embargo, a sum which could be used to produce more than 45,000 tonnes of corrugated bars.

The vast majority of steel manufactured in the world is produced using the basic oxygen furnace in 2000, it accounted for 60 of global steel output.

As in a conventional alkaline battery, an anode (the titanium dioxide) and a cathode (the platinum) are placed on either side of a liquid conductor (the electrolyte).

Trent engines use hollow titanium fan blades with an internal Warren girder structure to achieve strength, stiffness and robustness at low weight.

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Most boats are built of aluminum, fiberglass, or steel.

Since the 1960s, the steel industry has made considerable efforts to limit environmental pollution, reducing by half both energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions per ton of steel produced.

Consumption of finished steel is smaller than production of crude steel due to losses in production of finished products (the discarded material is recycled).

We've been able to engineer viruses to pick up carbon nanotubes and then grow titanium dioxide around them and use as a way of getting electrons through the device.

Isotopes Naturally occurring titanium is composed of 5 stable isotopes 46Ti, 47Ti, 48Ti, 49Ti, and 50Ti, with 48Ti being the most abundant (73.8 natural abundance).

Building a nation demands more than steel and concrete.