Tobin was concerned about excessive fluctuations in exchange rates.

Counter cyclicality is a useful mindset for individuals and governments.

The aim should be to avoid volatility and to ensure stability and fairness.

And so the fates are seldom wrong, no matter how they twist and wind.

Chile s fiscal institutions insure a countercyclical budget.

Is there any alternative to years of political gyrations and indecision?

Noting that climate variability, rather than climate change, is an ever present regional concern, he said that coping with present day variability would go a long way down the road towards adapting for climate change.

This has led to heightened volatility in equity, money, and debt markets.

Indeed, the year 2009 might even be a milestone marking a new era of volatility.

Consequently, such excessive fluctuations have been viewed as a symptom of market participants irrationality.

Volatility is down, confidence is up, and risk aversion is much lower for now.

Currency fluctuations and inflation need to be taken into account in order to arrive at a real growth figure.

(d) Understanding, assessing, predicting, mitigating and adapting to climate variability and change

Kenen was mainly concerned with short term transfers to smooth out cyclical bumpiness.

Thus, when volatility spikes and liquidity dries up, those same banks scramble for dollars.

But the large swings in Polish politics are not merely the result of political shenanigans.

But both theoretical and simulation results suggest no obvious decline in volatility.

Fluctuations in exchange markets result in gains and losses in the purchasing power of reserves.

In particular, the issuance and subsequent repayment of external debt can account for large swings in such liabilities.

Those that did appear generally seem to be based on the assumption that minor fluctuations in construction costs, not massive market swings, drove the modest home price movements that they noted.

The overdraft facility could again be financed with counter cyclical issues of SDRs.

But it is counter cyclical efforts, institutions, and instruments that are sorely needed instead.

Counter cyclicality does not mean running modest deficits in the good times and huge deficits in major downturns.

They depend on the stabilizing functions that central banks and countercyclical fiscal policy provide.

The eurozone is now running even larger ones, with swings in southern Europe augmenting Germany s longstanding surpluses.

While the Bahraini and Jordanian states have proven much more stable in relative terms, they are not immune to volatility.

That is true of both monetary and fiscal policy the two mainstays of modern countercyclical stabilization.

The lesson of this crisis is that excessive swings need to be dampened with a set of prudential measures.

One would hope that his removal would reduce market volatility and stabilize oil prices.

Biomass (along with hydropower) can be used to smooth the fluctuations inherent to wind and solar.

Their emphasis has been on countercyclical measures intended to moderate the downturn rather than on restructuring.

Institutional and human capacity

A better balance between production and consumption would avoid large swings in oil prices.

But it s theoretical nihilism, Cochrane argues, to ascribe these excessive fluctuations to irrationality as Krugman does.

Developing countries main defense against world financial instability has been to accumulate international reserves.

Conspiracy theories abound, particularly among the ranks of financial traders, for whom volatility is like wind to a sailor.

Agricultural regions already need to become more resilient in the face of increased climate volatility.

As a result, when the Asian financial crisis struck in 1997, China was insulated from the volatility that ravaged its fragile neighbors.

Moreover, a counter cyclical policy would signal to the world these countries willingness to take on global responsibilities.

Her delegation endorsed the view expressed by the representative of Jamaica that ways must be found to attenuate such big fluctuations.

NEW HAVEN Volatility in the housing market has long been known, but until now it has never been visible in so many places around the world at the same time. Indeed, the year 2009 might even be a milestone marking a new era of volatility.

Concerned about the excessive volatility of speculative short term capital flows and the contagion effects in financial markets in times of crisis,

As such, the PBoC will need to maintain counter cyclical policies in order to avoid a deflationary spiral.

Time and experience will help that is, so long as high volatility does not destabilize many economies in the interim.

But if the fluctuations can be ironed out, as John Maynard Keynes put it, total economic efficiency can be improved.