Women are also equal with men in shifting, transferring, inheriting, renting out, subcontracting and mortgaging land use right.

Globally, casual labor, outsourcing, and job contracting and subcontracting are becoming the norm, weakening entitlements for workers and creating more job insecurity.

Specific articulation in the UNDP financial regulations and rules of its role in direct execution at the field level also diminishes a traditional field of subcontracting to UNOPS.

For its part, JIU has in the past several years issued two reports on outsourcing in the United Nations system, which however covered only one aspect of procurement, namely subcontracting of some functions to commercial service providers.