Smelting copper ore, for example, is more than twice as energy intensive as recycling copper.

The company conducts smelting operations in the area of the city of Norilsk, near the peninsula.

Japan and China built several plants that were based on direct smelting or on fluidized bed combustion of solid waste.

1949 Sumitomo Chemical takes over the aluminum business of Sumitomo Aluminium Smelting Co., starting the integrated production of aluminum from alumina.

This compound is used as flux in the smelting of secondary aluminium, to reduce or remove the magnesium content of the melt.

Thus cast iron frying pans and cookware did not become possible in Europe until 3000 years after the introduction of iron smelting.

But about two centuries before David, the Hittites had discovered the secret of smelting and processing of iron, and, slowly, that skill spread.

The third project by the Canadian company, Inco, for a new nickel mining and smelting project at Goro, South Province, resumed in early 2005, following long delays.

These new inhabitants brought skills such as cotton spinning, cloth weaving, iron smelting, rice and sorghum cultivation, and social and political institutions from the Mali and Songhai Empires.

Its properties were unique due to the special smelting and reworking of the steel creating networks of iron carbides described as a globular cementite in a matrix of pearlite.

He started out in the importing business, but made his and his family's fortune (which was one of the largest fortunes of the 19th century) in mining and smelting.

Cuban steel producer Antillana de Acero makes 80 per cent of its purchases on European markets, paying in euros and consequently losing over 25 per cent because of currency exchange costs. It uses 1,000 tons of coal per month for smelting.

Secondly, between 2006 and 2008, China shut down small thermal power generation units with a total installed capacity of 34.21 GW, phased out 60.59 million tons of backward steel making capacity, 43.47 million tons of iron smelting capacity and 140 million tons of cement production capacity.

Jovan Petrov provides an overview of the problem with the lead and zync smelting factory in Veles, after the court rejected a suit against the state from the municipality and local NGOs, demanding cleaning of pollution which will affect 10 generations to come in this impoverished community.