Structure The crystal structure of AuF3 consists of spirals of square planar AuF4 units.

As you can see here, they collapse from a three dimensional formation into planar formation.

And one of those competitions, I just won a small, little transistor Philips radio.

Transistor radios and television sets have made their way to the most remote rural areas.

The introduction of the transistor and integrated circuits in the 1960s made electric logs vastly more reliable.

The development of the germanium transistor in 1948 opened the door to countless applications of solid state electronics.

When the transistor goes into saturation from all inputs being high, charge is stored in the base region.

This is one of many possible ways in which a molecular level diode transistor might be synthesized by organic chemistry.

As this view is sometimes put, the next 20 years will see no breakthrough as revolutionary as the steam engine or the transistor.

The second, co authored primarily with Milton Feng in 2005, announced the creation of a transistor laser that can operate at room temperatures.

Just as applications of electronics have expanded dramatically since the first transistor was invented in 1948, the unique applications of photonics continue to emerge.

Research is ongoing to use nanowires and other nanostructured materials with the hope of to create cheaper and more efficient solar cells than are possible with conventional planar silicon solar cells.

This seminal work became the reference text for other scientists working to develop and improve new variants of the transistor and other devices based on semiconductors.

He and Dr. Milton Feng run a transistor laser research center at the University funded by 6.5 million from the United States Department of Defense through DARPA.

Refined versions of this tube were the basis of all electronic sound systems until the commercial introduction of the first transistor based audio devices in the 1950s.

It is not just about the density of transistors that can be achieved, but about the density of transistors at which the cost per transistor is the lowest.

But our friends who are condensed matter physicists managed to come up, some 50 years ago, with a very nice device, shown under that bell jar, which is a transistor.

The US Department of Defense was the only customer for integrated circuits in 1962, but by the end of the decade consumers were buying transistor radios and pocket calculators in droves.

As shown in the diagram, the emitter current, I E, is the total transistor current, which is the sum of the other terminal currents, (i.e., I E I B I C).

It is called so because the logic gating function (e.g., AND) is performed by a diode network and the amplifying function is performed by a transistor (in contrast with RTL and TTL).

I had just done the long jump, and a guy who was missing two legs came up to me and says, How do you do that? You know, we're supposed to have a planar foot, so we can't get off on the springboard.

A pyranometer is a type of actinometer used to measure broadband solar irradiance on a planar surface and is a sensor that is designed to measure the solar radiation flux density (in watts per metre square) from a field of view of 180 degrees.

Japanese companies have been responsible for a number of important innovations, including having pioneered the transistor radio and the Walkman (Sony), the first mass produced laptops (Toshiba), the VHS recorder (JVC), and solar cells and LCD screens (Sharp).

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But what's happening now is that in 2015, the transistor is going to become so small, that it corresponds to only one electron at a time can flow through that channel, and that corresponds to a single ion channel.

The HP 9100 series was built entirely from discrete transistor logic with no integrated circuits, and was one of the first uses of the CORDIC algorithm for trigonometric computation in a personal computing device, as well as the first calculator based on Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) entry.

Yes, being better connected with each other, through Facebook or Twitter, is valuable. But how can we compare these innovations with those like the laser, the transistor, the Turing machine, and the mapping of the human genome, each of which has led to a flood of transformative products?