The cause is, e.g., oxidative stress, by activating protein kinase C and lead to apoptosis of some cells.

High levels of oxidative stress have been linked by some with the increased incidence of a variety of diseases.

While it is involved in the oxidative metabolism of a small range of substrates (mostly small polar molecules), there are many important drug interactions mediated by CYP2E1.

This uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, and the energy from the proton motive force is dissipated as heat rather than producing ATP from ADP, which would store chemical energy for the body's use.

A newer method entails oxidative carbonylation of alcohols to give the diesters of oxalic acid 4 ROH 4 CO O2 2 (CO2R)2 2 H2OThese diesters are subsequently hydrolyzed to oxalic acid.