(iv) Machining

Here you see the machining, the milling of a block of acrylic.

A number of techniques can be employed to verify the generic facility (from table 1) and specific aspects of the machining process (from table 2).

Laser micro machining essentially 3D printers that digitally fabricate functional systems, all the way up to building buildings, not by having blueprints, but having the parts code for the structure of the building.

Another more detailed example of the application of the approach discussed above might be where a State has agreed to subject part of its nuclear weapons complex, which deals with the machining of components, to a verification process.

A situation may arise where a specific verification technique may be deemed too intrusive (e.g. closed circuit television camera within the machining area), where an alternative method could be used (e.g. monitoring of electricity used by the machine as an indicator of operational load).

Dead reckoning is not totally accurate, which can lead to errors in distance estimates ranging from a few millimeters (in CNC machining) to kilometers (in UAVs), based upon the duration of the run, the speed of the robot, the length of the run, and several other factors.