Fermentative anaerobic organisms mostly use the lactic acid fermentation pathway C6H12O6 2 ADP 2 phosphate 2 lactic acid 2 ATPThe energy released in this equation is approximately 150 kJ per mol, which is conserved in regenerating two ATP from ADP per glucose.

Malate dehydrogenase is also involved in gluconeogenesis, the synthesis of glucose from smaller molecules.

The glucose in the blood reacts with an enzyme electrode containing glucose oxidase (or dehydrogenase).

The isocitrate dehydrogenase mechanism appears to be the major source of NADPH in fat and possibly also liver cells.

In the absence of oxygen, one of the fermentation pathways occurs in order to regenerate NAD lactic acid fermentation is one of these pathways.

The same protein, which in humans has the HGNC approved gene symbol XDH , can also have xanthine dehydrogenase activity (EC 1.17.1.4).

Malate dehydrogenase () (MDH) is an enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate using the reduction of NAD to NADH.

Mutations of the genes for the succinate dehydrogenase, SDHD (previously known as PGL1), SDHA, SDHC (previously PGL3) and SDHB have been identified as causing familial head and neck paragangliomas.